Immigrants in Germany exhibit higher levels of social disadvantage when compared to the non-immigrated population. Turkish-origin immigrants constitute an important immigrant group in Germany and show disparities in some health domains that are evident from birth onwards. Several studies have shown the mechanisms by which social disadvantage is biologically embedded to affect health over the lifespan. Relatively little, however, is still known about if and how the maternal social situation is transmitted to the next generation. This study therefore aims to analyse the effects of maternal socioeconomic status and migration status on stress-related maternal-placental-fetal (MPF) biological processes during pregnancy on infant birth and health outcomes. This longitudinal cohort study of N = 144 child-mother dyads is located at two study sites in Germany and includes pregnant women of Turkish origin living in Germany as well as pregnant German women. During pregnancy, MPF stress biology markers from maternal blood and saliva samples, maternal socio-economic and migration-related information, medical risk variables and psychological well-being are assessed. After birth, infant anthropometric measures and developmental outcomes are assessed. The same measures will be assessed in and compared to Turkish pregnant women based on a collaboration with BABIP study in Istanbul. This is the first study on intergenerational transmission of health disparities in Germany with a focus on women of Turkish-origin. The study faces similar risks of bias as other birth cohorts do. The study has implemented various measures, e.g. culturally sensitive recruitment strategies, attempt to recruit and follow-up as many pregnant women as possible independent of their social or cultural background. Nevertheless, the response rate among lower-educated families is lower. The possibility to compare results with a cohort from Turkey is a strength of this study. However, starting at different times and with slightly different recruitment strategies and designs may result in cohort effects and may affect comparability of the sub-cohorts. N.A. (Observational study, no clinical trial, no interventions on human participants).

中文翻译：

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德国土耳其裔移民健康差异的代际传播：多中心队列研究的研究方案（BaBi-stress 和 BaBeK 研究）


与非移民人口相比，德国的移民表现出更高程度的社会劣势。土耳其裔移民是德国的一个重要移民群体，他们在某些健康领域表现出从出生起就显而易见的差异。几项研究表明，社会劣势在生物学上根深蒂固，影响一生的健康。然而，对于母亲的社会状况是否以及如何传递给下一代，人们仍然知之甚少。因此，本研究旨在分析母亲社会经济地位和移民状况对妊娠期间与压力相关的母体-胎盘-胎儿（MPF）生物过程对婴儿出生和健康结果的影响。这项针对 N = 144 名儿童-母亲二人组的纵向队列研究位于德国的两个研究地点，其中包括居住在德国的土耳其裔孕妇以及德国孕妇。在怀孕期间，会评估来自母体血液和唾液样本的 MPF 压力生物学标记、母体社会经济和移民相关信息、医疗风险变量和心理健康。出生后，评估婴儿人体测量和发育结果。根据与伊斯坦布尔 BABIP 研究的合作，将对土耳其孕妇进行相同的评估和比较。这是德国第一项针对健康差异代际传播的研究，重点关注土耳其裔女性。该研究面临着与其他出生队列类似的偏见风险。该研究采取了各种措施，例如文化敏感的招募策略，尝试招募和跟踪尽可能多的孕妇，而不论其社会或文化背景如何。 然而，受教育程度较低的家庭的回应率较低。可以将结果与来自土耳其的队列进行比较是这项研究的优势。然而，在不同时间开始并采用略有不同的招募策略和设计可能会导致队列效应，并可能影响子队列的可比性。 NA（观察性研究，无临床试验，不对人类参与者进行干预）。