Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a primary site for storage of excess energy, but it also serves as an important endocrine organ that impacts organismal metabolism. Chronic, low-grade inflammation of VAT, and eventually systemically, is one of the major drivers of obesity-associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities. A unique population of regulatory T cells (Tregs), with a distinct transcriptional profile and antigen receptor repertoire resides in VAT, keeps inflammation in check and regulates organismal metabolism. Accumulation of these cells depends on interactions with other local immunocytes and, importantly, subtypes of VAT mesenchymal stromal cells (VmSCs) that are either immunomodulators or adipogenic. We summarize our current understanding of the phenotype, function, dependencies, derivation, and modulations of VAT Tregs, and review the heterogeneity and regulation of VmSCs as well as their cross talk with VAT Tregs. Lastly, we discuss imperative questions remaining to be answered.

中文翻译：

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内脏脂肪组织Tregs和滋养它们的细胞。

内脏脂肪组织（VAT）是储存多余能量的主要场所，但它也是影响机体新陈代谢的重要内分泌器官。增值税的慢性低度炎症，最终是系统性的，是肥胖相关胰岛素抵抗和代谢异常的主要驱动因素之一。独特的调节性T细胞（Tregs）群体具有明显的转录特征和抗原受体库，位于增值税中，可控制炎症并调节机体代谢。这些细胞的积累取决于与其他局部免疫细胞的相互作用，重要的是取决于是免疫调节剂或成脂作用的VAT间充质基质细胞（VmSCs）的亚型。我们总结了当前对增值税Treg的表型，功能，依赖性，派生和调制的理解，并审查VmSC的异质性和监管以及它们与VAT Treg的相互影响。最后，我们讨论了仍有待解决的必要问题。