Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the main driver of climate change. Currently, CO₂ utilization is increasingly attracting interest in processes like enhanced oil recovery and coal bed methane and it has the potential to be used in hydraulic fracturing processes, among others. In this review, the latest developments in CO₂ capture, utilization, conversion, and sequestration are examined through a multi-scale perspective. The diverse range of CO₂ utilization applications, including mineralization, biological utilization, food and beverages, energy storage media, and chemicals, is comprehensively presented. We also discuss the worldwide research and development of CO₂ utilization projects. Lastly, we examine the key challenges and issues that must be faced for pilot-scale and industrial applications in the future. This study demonstrates that CO₂ utilization can be a driver for the future development of carbon capture and utilization technologies. However, considering the amount of CO₂ produced globally, even if it can be reduced in the near-to mid-term future, carbon capture and storage will remain the primary strategy and, so, complementary strategies are desirable. Currently, the main CO₂ utilization industry is enhanced oil and gas recovery, but considering the carbon life cycle, these processes still add CO₂ to the atmosphere. In order to implement other CO₂ utilization technologies at a large scale, in addition to their current technical feasibility, their economic and societal viability is critical. Therefore, future efforts should be directed toward reduction of energy penalties and costs, and the introduction of policies and regulation encouraging carbon capture, utilization and storage, and increasing the public acceptance of the strategies in a complementary manner.

二氧化碳（CO ₂）是造成温室气体（GHG）排放的主要因素，也是气候变化的主要驱动力。当前，CO _2的利用越来越受到诸如提高油采收率和煤层甲烷之类的工艺的兴趣，并且其具有用于水力压裂工艺等的潜力。在这篇综述中，将通过多尺度视角来研究CO ₂捕集，利用，转化和封存的最新进展。全面介绍了CO ₂利用的各种应用，包括矿化，生物利用，食品和饮料，能量存储介质和化学品。我们还将讨论全球范围内对CO _2的研究与开发利用项目。最后，我们研究了未来中试规模和工业应用必须面对的主要挑战和问题。这项研究表明，CO _2的利用可以推动碳捕集和利用技术的未来发展。但是，考虑到全球产生的CO ₂的量，即使可以在近期到中期的将来减少二氧化碳的排放量，碳捕集与封存仍将是主要策略，因此，需要互补的策略。当前，主要的CO ₂利用行业是提高油气采收率，但考虑到碳的生命周期，这些过程仍会向大气中添加CO ₂。为了实施其他CO ₂大规模利用技术，除了目前的技术可行性外，其经济和社会生存能力也至关重要。因此，未来的工作应着眼于减少能源罚款和成本，并出台鼓励碳捕集，利用和封存的政策和法规，并以互补的方式提高公众对战略的接受程度。