Considerable interest has been gathered on the relevant impact of preventable factors, including incorrect lifestyle and unhealthy habits, on female fertility. Smoking, alcohol and addictive drugs consumption represent a major concern, given the broad range of diseases which might be favored or exacerbated by these dependable attitudes. Despite the well-characterized effects of prenatal exposure on pregnancy outcomes and fetus health, a substantial proportion of women of reproductive age is still concerned with these habits. At present, the impact of smoke, alcohol and addictive drugs on women fertility, and, particularly, the specific targets and underlying mechanisms, are still poorly understood or debated, mainly due to the scarcity of well-designed studies, and to numerous biases. The current review will provide a comprehensive overview of clinical and experimental studies in humans and animals addressing the impact of smoke, alcohol and addictive drugs on female fertility, by also embracing effects on ovary, oviduct, and uterus, with particular reference to primary endpoints such as ovarian reserve, steroidogenesis, ovulation and menstrual cycle, oviduct function and uterus receptivity and implantation. A brief focus on polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis will be also included. A Pubmed literature search was performed with selected keywords; articles were individually retrieved by each author. No limitation was set for publication date. Articles in languages other than English were excluded. Additional articles were retrieved from references list of selected manuscripts. Currently, the most consistent evidences of a detrimental effect of smoke, alcohol and addictive drugs on specific domains of the female reproductive function are provided by experimental studies in animals. Overall, clinical studies suggest that smoking is associated to decreased fertility, although causal inference should be further demonstrated. Studies addressing the effect of alcohol consumption on female fertility provide conflicting results, although the majority reported lack of a correlation. Extremely scarce studies investigated the effects of addictive drugs on female fertility, and the specific actions of selected drugs have been difficult to address, due to multidrug consumption.

中文翻译：

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烟，酒和毒品成瘾与女性生育

人们对可预防因素（包括错误的生活方式和不健康的习惯）对女性生育率的相关影响产生了浓厚的兴趣。鉴于这些可靠的态度可能会助长或加剧疾病的范围，因此吸烟，饮酒和上瘾的药物成为人们关注的主要问题。尽管产前暴露对怀孕结局和胎儿健康具有明显的影响，但育龄妇女中仍有相当一部分仍在关注这些习惯。目前，对烟，酒和成瘾性药物对妇女生育率，特别是具体目标和潜在机制的影响，仍然知之甚少，主要是由于缺乏精心设计的研究以及许多偏见。本篇综述将提供针对人类和动物的临床和实验研究的全面概述，这些研究针对烟，酒和成瘾性药物对女性生育的影响，还包括对卵巢，输卵管和子宫的影响，特别是涉及以下主要终点指标：如卵巢储备，类固醇生成，排卵和月经周期，输卵管功能以及子宫接受和着床。还将简要介绍多囊卵巢综合征和子宫内膜异位症。使用选定的关键字进行Pubmed文献搜索；文章由每个作者分别检索。出版日期没有限制。除英语以外的其他语言的文章除外。从所选手稿的参考清单中检索了其他文章。目前，在动物中进行的实验研究提供了最一致的证据，证明烟，酒和成瘾性药物对女性生殖功能的特定区域有害。总体而言，临床研究表明，吸烟与生育能力下降有关，尽管应进一步证实因果关系。关于饮酒对女性生育力影响的研究提供了相互矛盾的结果，尽管大多数报道缺乏相关性。极其稀少的研究调查了成瘾性药物对女性生育的影响，由于食用多种药物，难以解决所选药物的具体作用。总体而言，临床研究表明，吸烟与生育能力下降有关，尽管应进一步证明因果关系。关于饮酒对女性生育力影响的研究提供了相互矛盾的结果，尽管大多数报道缺乏相关性。极其稀少的研究调查了成瘾性药物对女性生育的影响，由于食用多种药物，难以解决所选药物的具体作用。总体而言，临床研究表明，吸烟与生育能力下降有关，尽管应进一步证明因果关系。关于饮酒对女性生育力影响的研究提供了相互矛盾的结果，尽管大多数报道缺乏相关性。极其稀少的研究调查了成瘾性药物对女性生育的影响，由于食用多种药物，难以解决所选药物的具体作用。