Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) comprises the vast majority of all diabetes cases in adults, with alarmingly increasing prevalence over the past few decades worldwide. A particularly heavy healthcare burden of diabetes is noted in Europe, where 8.8% of the population aged 20–79 years is estimated to have diabetes according to the International Diabetes Federation. Multiple risk factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM with complex underlying interplay and intricate gene-environment interactions. Thus, intense research has been focused on studying the role of T2DM risk factors and on identifying vulnerable groups for T2DM in the general population which can then be targeted for prevention interventions. For this narrative review, we conducted a comprehensive search of the existing literature on T2DM risk factors, focusing on studies in adult cohorts from European countries which were published in English after January 2000. Multiple lifestyle-related and sociodemographic factors were identified as related to high T2DM risk, including age, ethnicity, family history, low socioeconomic status, obesity, metabolic syndrome and each of its components, as well as certain unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. As Europe has an increasingly aging population, multiple migrant and ethnic minority groups and significant socioeconomic diversity both within and across different countries, this review focuses not only on modifiable T2DM risk factors, but also on the impact of pertinent demographic and socioeconomic factors. In addition to other T2DM risk factors, low socioeconomic status can significantly increase the risk for prediabetes and T2DM, but is often overlooked. In multinational and multicultural regions such as Europe, a holistic approach, which will take into account both traditional and socioeconomic/socioecological factors, is becoming increasingly crucial in order to implement multidimensional public health programs and integrated community-based interventions for effective T2DM prevention.

中文翻译：

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社会人口统计学和与生活方式有关的危险因素，用于识别2型糖尿病的易感人群：叙述性综述，重点是来自欧洲的数据

2型糖尿病（T2DM）占成年人中所有糖尿病病例的绝大部分，在过去几十年中，全世界的患病率呈惊人的增长趋势。在欧洲，糖尿病的医疗保健负担特别重，据国际糖尿病联合会估计，该地区20-79岁的人口中有8.8％患有糖尿病。T2DM的发病机理涉及多种危险因素，其中涉及复杂的潜在相互作用以及复杂的基因-环境相互作用。因此，密集的研究集中在研究T2DM危险因素的作用以及确定普通人群中T2DM的弱势群体上，然后可以将其作为预防干预措施的目标。在这篇叙述性评论中，我们对有关T2DM危险因素的现有文献进行了全面搜索，侧重于欧洲国家成年人群的研究，该研究于2000年1月之后以英文发表。与生活方式相关的社会人口统计学因素被识别为与高T2DM风险相关，包括年龄，种族，家族史，低社会经济地位，肥胖，代谢综合征及其每个组成部分，以及某些不健康的生活方式。随着欧洲人口的老龄化，移民人口和少数民族群体的多样性以及不同国家内部和国家之间社会经济多样性的显着增加，本综述不仅关注可修改的T2DM风险因素，还关注相关人口统计学和社会经济因素的影响。除其他T2DM风险因素外，低社会经济地位还会显着增加糖尿病前期和T2DM的风险，但常常被忽视。