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Freezing of edible flowers: Effect on microbial and antioxidant quality during storage
Journal of Food Science ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-10 , DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15097
Luana Fernandes 1, 2, 3 , Susana Casal 2 , José Alberto Pereira 1 , Ermelinda Lopes Pereira 1 , Jorge A Saraiva 4 , Elsa Ramalhosa 1
Affiliation  

Edible flowers are a new gourmet product; however, they are not always available all years. Thus, it is essential to find out technologies to guarantee this product for a longer time. Flowers of four species (borage [Borago officinalis], heartsease [Viola tricolor], kalanchoe [Kalanchoe blossfeldiana], and dandelion [Taraxacum officinale]) were subjected to freezing (in their natural form and in ice cubes) and analyzed in terms of visual appearance, the content of flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, phenolics, antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power), and microbial quality after storage for 1 and 3 months. Flowers in ice cubes showed similar appearance to fresh ones during the 3 months of storage, whereas frozen flowers were only equivalent up to 1 month with the exception of kalanchoe. Even though flowers in ice cubes showed good appearance after 3 months of storage, they had the lowest values of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. On the contrary, when frozen, the content of bioactive compounds maintained or even increased up to 1 month of storage compared to fresh flowers, except for borage. Furthermore, in both freezing treatments, the microorganisms' counts decreased or maintained when compared to fresh samples, except in dandelion. In general, both treatments may allow keeping the flowers after their flowering times. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The market of edible flowers is increasing, although they are a very perishable product with short shelf-life. Edible flowers are stored in the cold (frozen or in ice cubes); however, the effect on the bioactive compounds and microbial quality that this treatment may have on borage (Borago officinalis), heartsease (Viola tricolor), kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flowers is unknown. So, the present study was conducted to increase the knowledge about the changes that freezing treatments may have in different edible flowers. The results of the present study underline that each flower has different behavior at frozen and ice cubes storage. However, freezing flowers maintain/increase the contents of bioactive compounds, while ice cubes not. Both treatments are effective in protecting flowers from microorganism growth. So, suggesting that both freezing treatments can be used as a preservative method and may allow keeping the flowers after their flowering times.

中文翻译:

食用花卉的冷冻:储存期间对微生物和抗氧化品质的影响

食用花卉是一种新的美食产品;然而,它们并不总是可用的。因此,必须找到技术来保证该产品更长时间。四种花(琉璃苣 [Borago officinalis]、heartsease [Viola tricolor]、kalanchoe [Kalanchoe blossfeldiana] 和蒲公英 [Taraxacum officinale])进行冷冻(以它们的自然形态和冰块),并在视觉上进行分析贮存1、3个月后的外观、黄酮类、可水解单宁、酚类、抗氧化活性(2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼自由基清除活性和还原力)、微生物质量等。在 3 个月的储存期间,冰块中的花与新鲜的花表现出相似的外观,而冷冻花仅相当于 1 个月,除了长寿花。尽管冰块中的花朵在储存 3 个月后显示出良好的外观,但它们的生物活性化合物和抗氧化活性值最低。相反,与鲜花相比,冷冻后生物活性化合物的含量保持甚至增加了长达 1 个月的储存时间,琉璃苣除外。此外,在两种冷冻处理中,与新鲜样品相比,除蒲公英外,微生物的数量减少或保持不变。一般来说,这两种处理方法都可以让花朵在开花期后保存。实际应用:食用花卉的市场正在增加,尽管它们是一种非常易腐烂的产品,保质期很短。食用花卉冷藏(冷冻或冰块);然而,这种处理对琉璃苣 (Borago officinalis)、heartsease (Viola tricolor)、长寿花 (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) 和蒲公英 (Taraxacum officinale) 花的生物活性化合物和微生物质量的影响尚不清楚。因此,本研究旨在增加对冷冻处理可能对不同食用花卉产生的变化的了解。本研究的结果强调,每朵花在冷冻和冰块储存时都有不同的行为。然而,冷冻鲜花可以保持/增加生物活性化合物的含量,而冰块则不然。两种处理方法均能有效保护花卉免受微生物生长。因此,这表明两种冷冻处理都可以用作防腐方法,并且可以在开花后保留花朵。heartsease (Viola tricolor)、Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) 和蒲公英 (Taraxacum officinale) 花未知。因此,本研究旨在增加对冷冻处理可能对不同食用花卉产生的变化的了解。本研究的结果强调,每朵花在冷冻和冰块储存时都有不同的行为。然而,冷冻鲜花可以保持/增加生物活性化合物的含量,而冰块则不然。两种处理方法均能有效保护花卉免受微生物生长。因此,这表明两种冷冻处理都可以用作防腐方法,并且可以在开花后保留花朵。heartsease (Viola tricolor)、Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) 和蒲公英 (Taraxacum officinale) 花未知。因此,本研究旨在增加对冷冻处理可能对不同食用花卉产生的变化的了解。本研究的结果强调,每朵花在冷冻和冰块储存时都有不同的行为。然而,冷冻鲜花可以保持/增加生物活性化合物的含量,而冰块则不然。两种处理方法均能有效保护花卉免受微生物生长。因此,这表明两种冷冻处理都可以用作防腐方法,并且可以在开花后保留花朵。本研究旨在增加人们对冷冻处理可能对不同食用花卉产生的变化的了解。本研究的结果强调,每朵花在冷冻和冰块储存时都有不同的行为。然而,冷冻鲜花可以保持/增加生物活性化合物的含量,而冰块则不然。两种处理方法均能有效保护花卉免受微生物生长。因此,这表明两种冷冻处理都可以用作防腐方法,并且可以在开花后保留花朵。本研究旨在增加人们对冷冻处理可能对不同食用花卉产生的变化的了解。本研究的结果强调,每朵花在冷冻和冰块储存时都有不同的行为。然而,冷冻鲜花可以保持/增加生物活性化合物的含量,而冰块则不然。两种处理方法均能有效保护花卉免受微生物生长。因此,这表明两种冷冻处理都可以用作防腐方法,并且可以在开花后保留花朵。冷冻鲜花可以保持/增加生物活性化合物的含量,而冰块则不然。两种处理方法均能有效保护花卉免受微生物生长。因此,这表明两种冷冻处理都可以用作防腐方法,并且可以在开花后保留花朵。冷冻花朵可以保持/增加生物活性化合物的含量,而冰块则不会。两种处理方法均能有效保护花卉免受微生物生长。因此,这表明两种冷冻处理都可以用作防腐方法,并且可以在开花后保留花朵。
更新日期:2020-03-10
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