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Imported Malaria in Countries where Malaria Is Not Endemic: a Comparison of Semi-immune and Nonimmune Travelers.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews ( IF 19.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-11 , DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00104-19
Johannes Mischlinger 1, 2 , Caroline Rönnberg 3, 4 , Míriam J Álvarez-Martínez 5 , Silja Bühler 1, 2 , Małgorzata Paul 6 , Patricia Schlagenhauf 7 , Eskild Petersen 8 , Michael Ramharter 2, 9
Affiliation  

The continuous increase in long-distance travel and recent large migratory movements have changed the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in countries where malaria is not endemic (here termed non-malaria-endemic countries). While malaria was primarily imported to nonendemic countries by returning travelers, the proportion of immigrants from malaria-endemic regions and travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) in malaria-endemic countries has continued to increase. VFRs and immigrants from malaria-endemic countries now make up the majority of malaria patients in many nonendemic countries. Importantly, this group is characterized by various degrees of semi-immunity to malaria, resulting from repeated exposure to infection and a gradual decline of protection as a result of prolonged residence in non-malaria-endemic regions. Most studies indicate an effect of naturally acquired immunity in VFRs, leading to differences in the parasitological features, clinical manifestation, and odds for severe malaria and clinical complications between immune VFRs and nonimmune returning travelers. There are no valid data indicating evidence for differing algorithms for chemoprophylaxis or antimalarial treatment in semi-immune versus nonimmune malaria patients. So far, no robust biomarkers exist that properly reflect anti-parasite or clinical immunity. Until they are found, researchers should rigorously stratify their study results using surrogate markers, such as duration of time spent outside a malaria-endemic country.

中文翻译:

非疟疾流行国家的进口疟疾:半免疫和非免疫旅行者的比较。

长途旅行的持续增加和最近的大规模迁徙改变了在疟疾不是流行的国家(在这里被称为非疟疾流行的国家)的进口疟疾的流行病学特征。虽然疟疾主要是由回返的旅行者进口到非流行国家,但来自疟疾流行地区的移民和探访疟疾流行国家的亲友的旅行者的比例持续增加。来自疟疾流行国家的VFR和移民现在构成了许多非流行国家中大多数疟疾患者的地方。重要的是,该人群的特征是对疟疾有不同程度的半免疫性,这是由于反复感染和长期在非疟疾流行地区长期居住而导致的保护能力逐渐下降。大多数研究表明,自然获得性免疫对VFR具有影响,导致寄生虫学特征,临床表现以及免疫性VFR与非免疫返回旅行者之间严重疟疾的几率以及临床并发症的差异。没有有效的数据表明在半免疫和非免疫疟疾患者中化学预防或抗疟治疗方法不同的证据。到目前为止,尚无能正确反映抗寄生虫或临床免疫力的强大生物标志物。在被发现之前,研究人员应使用替代标记,例如在疟疾流行国家以外的时间长短,对研究结果进行严格分层。严重的疟疾以及免疫VFR和非免疫返回旅行者之间的临床并发症的几率。没有有效的数据表明在半免疫和非免疫疟疾患者中化学预防或抗疟治疗方法不同的证据。到目前为止,尚无能正确反映抗寄生虫或临床免疫力的强大生物标志物。在被发现之前,研究人员应使用替代标记,例如在疟疾流行国家以外的时间长短,对研究结果进行严格分层。严重的疟疾以及免疫VFR和非免疫返回旅行者之间的临床并发症的几率。没有有效的数据表明在半免疫和非免疫疟疾患者中化学预防或抗疟治疗方法不同的证据。到目前为止,尚无能正确反映抗寄生虫或临床免疫力的强大生物标志物。在被发现之前,研究人员应使用替代标记,例如在疟疾流行国家以外的时间长短,对研究结果进行严格分层。没有能正确反映抗寄生虫或临床免疫力的强大生物标志物。在被发现之前,研究人员应使用替代标记,例如在疟疾流行国家以外的时间长短,对研究结果进行严格分层。没有能正确反映抗寄生虫或临床免疫力的强大生物标志物。在被发现之前,研究人员应使用替代标记,例如在疟疾流行国家以外的时间长短,对研究结果进行严格分层。
更新日期:2020-03-12
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