Geothermal waters often are enriched in trace metal(loid)s, such as arsenic, antimony, molybdenum, and tungsten. The presence of sulfide can lead to the formation of thiolated anions; however, their contributions to total element concentrations typically remain unknown because nonsuitable sample stabilization and chromatographic separation methods convert them to oxyanions. Here, the concurrent widespread occurrence of thioarsenates, thiomolybdates, thiotungstates, and thioantimonates, in sulfide-rich hot springs from Yellowstone National Park and Iceland is shown. More thiolation was generally observed at higher molar sulfide to metal(loid) excess (Iceland > Yellowstone). Thioarsenates were the most prominent and ubiquitous thiolated species, with trithioarsenate typically dominating arsenic speciation. In some Icelandic hot springs, arsenic was nearly quantitatively thiolated. Also, for molybdenum, thioanions dominated over oxyanions in many Icelandic hot springs. For tungsten and antimony, oxyanions typically dominated and thioanions were observed less frequently, but still contributed up to a few tens of percent in some springs. This order of relative abundance (thioarsenates > thiomolybdates > thiotungstates ≈ thioantimonates) was also observed when looking at processes triggering transformation of thioanions such as mixing with non-geothermal waters or H₂S degassing and oxidation with increasing distance from a discharge. Even though to different extents, thiolation contributed substantially to speciation of all four elements studied, indicating that their analysis is required when studying geothermal systems.

中文翻译：

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黄石国家公园和冰岛温泉中As，Mo，W和Sb的硫族物种相对丰度。

地热水通常富含痕量金属（如砷，锑，钼和钨）。硫化物的存在会导致硫代阴离子的形成。但是，它们对总元素浓度的贡献通常仍然未知，因为不合适的样品稳定度和色谱分离方法会将其转化为氧阴离子。在这里，显示了在黄石国家公园和冰岛富含硫化物的温泉中同时存在硫代砷酸盐，硫代钼酸盐，硫钨酸盐和硫代锑酸盐。通常在较高的硫化物摩尔比过量的金属（胶体）时观察到更多的硫醇化作用（冰岛>黄石）。硫代砷酸盐是最突出和普遍存在的硫醇化物种，其中三硫代砷酸盐通常主导着砷的形态。在冰岛的一些温泉中 砷几乎被硫醇化。另外，在许多冰岛温泉中，钼中的硫代阴离子占主导地位。对于钨和锑，氧阴离子通常占主导地位，而硫阴离子的观察频率较低，但在某些春季仍占几十％。当观察触发硫代阴离子转化的过程，例如与非地热水或H混合时，也观察到这种相对丰度的顺序（硫代砷酸盐>硫代钼酸盐>硫钨酸盐≈硫锑锑酸盐）。₂ S除气和氧化随着距放电距离的增加而增加。即使在不同程度上，硫醇化也对所研究的所有四个元素的形成做出了重大贡献，这表明在研究地热系统时需要对其进行分析。