Abstract Increasing temperature due to global climate change is detrimental to both the growth and development of canola (Brassica napus L.) that ultimately leads to a disastrous reduction in productivity. Understanding how these increasing temperatures will impact canola growth in terms of root traits, seed yield and lodging resistance is urgently required to maximize production in the coming decades. A set of eight B. napus genotypes was evaluated under controlled environments with two temperature treatments: 23/17 °C as the optimum (control) and 27.0/24.3 °C mean day/night temperatures as the heat stress. Root traits were assessed using both destructive and non–destructive methods, such as electrical capacitance (EC) and electrical impedance (EI). Simulated root and stem lodging tests were conducted to determine the risk of root lodging and stem lodging, respectively. High temperature stress significantly suppressed root morphological traits, and reduced pod fertility by an average of 28% and seed yield by 34%, along with a reduction in EC (10%) and an increased EI (17%). A significant relationship of EC with root traits (R2=0.53–0.59⁎⁎) and seed yield (R2=0.29*) was also observed. The high temperature treatment reduced the stem bending strength by 7% and stem safety factor by 11%, while did not show a consistent impact on root anchorage strength and root safety factor. The present study suggests that the risk of both yield reductions due to lower fertilization success ratio and crop lodging especially stem lodging increases under short periods of high temperature stress. Furthermore, EC could be applied as a non–destructive technique for evaluating root morphology and genotypic differences in tolerance of canola plants to heat stress.

中文翻译：

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八种油菜基因型在开花期短时间热胁迫下的产量、根系生长习性和倒伏

摘要 全球气候变化导致的温度升高不利于油菜 (Brassica napus L.) 的生长和发育，最终导致生产力的灾难性下降。迫切需要了解这些不断升高的温度将如何影响油菜在根性状、种子产量和抗倒伏性方面的生长，以最大限度地提高未来几十年的产量。在受控环境下对一组八种欧洲油菜基因型进行了评估，其中有两种温度处理：23/17 °C 作为最佳（对照）和 27.0/24.3 °C 平均日/夜温度作为热应激。使用破坏性和非破坏性方法评估根性状，例如电容（EC）和电阻抗（EI）。进行模拟根和茎倒伏试验，分别确定根倒伏和茎倒伏的风险。高温胁迫显着抑制根系形态性状，豆荚肥力平均降低 28%，种子产量降低 34%，同时 EC 降低（10%），EI 增加（17%）。还观察到 EC 与根性状 (R2=0.53–0.59⁎⁎) 和种子产量 (R2=0.29*) 的显着关系。高温处理使茎的弯曲强度降低了 7%，茎的安全系数降低了 11%，但对根系锚固强度和根系安全系数的影响并不一致。目前的研究表明，在短期高温胁迫下，由于施肥成功率降低和作物倒伏，特别是茎倒伏导致减产的风险增加。此外，