Abstract There are three types of visible surface stains on the lithium-ion cell graphite anode. These are dark spots, bubble spots, and lithium plating. Dark spots are formed by a different mechanism from the other two types of stains, while bubble-spots and lithium-plating can be well demonstrated. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Raman spectroscopy used to analyze dark spots and normal anode regions. These analyses indicate that the dark spots are mainly caused by imperfect solid electrolyte interface formation, which affects the structural stability of the graphite resulting in cell capacity and safety.

中文翻译：

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高能量密度锂离子电池负极表面黑斑的分析研究

摘要 锂离子电池石墨负极上存在三种可见的表面污渍。这些是黑点、气泡点和镀锂。黑点的形成机制与其他两种类型的污渍不同，而气泡点和镀锂可以很好地证明。X 射线衍射、X 射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、核磁共振和拉曼光谱用于分析黑点和正常阳极区域。这些分析表明，黑斑主要是由不完善的固体电解质界面形成造成的，这影响了石墨的结构稳定性，从而导致电池容量和安全性。