In developmental science, there is an extensive literature on non-food related self-regulation in childhood, where several domains relating to emotions, actions and cognitions have been identified. There is now growing attention to food related self-regulation in childhood, especially difficulties with ASR, and the consequences for weight gain and adiposity. The aim of this narrative review was to conduct a reciprocal analysis of self-regulation in the food and non-food domains in childhood (referred to as appetite self-regulation (ASR) and general self-regulation (GSR) respectively). The focus was on commonalities and differences in key concepts and underpinning processes. Databases and major journals were searched using terms such as self-regulation, appetite self-regulation, or self-regulation of energy intake, together with associated constructs (e.g., Executive Function, Effortful Control, delay-of-gratification). This was followed by backward and forward snowballing. The scholarship on GSR in childhood has had a focus on the role of the cognitively-oriented Executive Function (EF), the temperamentally-based Effortful Control (EC) and the recursive interplay between bottom-up (reactive, emotion driven, approach or avoidance) and top-down (cognitive, conscious decision-making) processes. “Hot” and “cool/cold” EF and self-regulation situations have been distinguished. There were some parallels between GSR and ASR in these areas, but uncertainty about the contribution of EF and EC to ASR in young children. Possible differences between the contribution to ASR-related outcomes of delay-of-gratification in food and non-food tasks were apparent. Unique elements of ASR were identified; associated with psychological, biological and neurological responses to food and bottom-up processes. A diverse number of situations or elements connected to ASR exist: for example, energy balance homeostasis, caloric compensation, hunger regulation, satiation, satiety, energy density of food, eating in the absence of hunger, emotional eating, etc. Self-regulation in food and non-food domains are amenable to a reciprocal analysis. We argue that self-regulation of appetite should be added as a domain under the umbrella of self-regulation in childhood along with the other non-food related domains. This could lead to a broader understanding of self-regulation in childhood, and generate novel lines of enquiry.

中文翻译：

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儿童的“食物”和“非食物”自我调节：回顾和对等分析。

在发展科学中，有大量关于儿童非食物相关自我调节的文献，其中已经确定了与情感，行为和认知有关的几个领域。现在，人们越来越关注儿童时期与食物有关的自我调节，特别是ASR的困难以及对体重增加和肥胖的影响。这篇叙述性评论的目的是对儿童食品和非食品领域的自我调节进行相互分析（分别称为食欲自我调节（ASR）和一般自我调节（GSR））。重点是关键概念和基础流程的共性和差异。使用诸如自我调节，食欲自我调节或能量摄入自我调节之类的术语搜索数据库和主要期刊，以及相关的构造（例如执行功能，努力控制，满足延迟）。随后是向前和向后滚雪球。关于儿童期GSR的奖学金主要关注认知导向的执行功能（EF），基于气质的努力控制（EC）以及自下而上（反应性，情感驱动，进取或回避）之间的递归相互作用）和自上而下（认知，自觉的决策）过程。区分了“热”和“冷/冷” EF和自我调节情况。在这些方面，GSR和ASR之间存在一些相似之处，但对于EF和EC对幼儿ASR的贡献尚不确定。在食物和非食物任务中，延迟满足对与ASR相关的结果的贡献之间可能存在明显差异。确定了ASR的独特元素；与对食物和自下而上的过程的心理，生物学和神经反应有关。存在与ASR相关的多种情况或要素：例如，能量平衡稳态，热量补偿，饥饿调节，饱足感，饱腹感，食物能量密度，无饥饿饮食，情感饮食等。食物和非食物领域都可以进行相互分析。我们认为，应将食欲的自我调节与其他与食物无关的领域一起作为儿童自我调节的范畴添加。这可能会导致对儿童时期自我调节的更广泛理解，并产生新颖的询问线索。对食物和自下而上过程的生物学和神经反应。存在与ASR相关的多种情况或要素：例如，能量平衡稳态，热量补偿，饥饿调节，饱足感，饱腹感，食物能量密度，无饥饿饮食，情感饮食等。食物和非食物领域都可以进行相互分析。我们认为，应将食欲的自我调节与其他与食物无关的领域一起作为儿童自我调节的范畴添加。这可能会导致对儿童时期自我调节的更广泛理解，并产生新颖的询问线索。对食物和自下而上过程的生物学和神经反应。存在与ASR相关的多种情况或要素：例如，能量平衡稳态，热量补偿，饥饿调节，饱足感，饱腹感，食物能量密度，无饥饿饮食，情感饮食等。食物和非食物领域都可以进行相互分析。我们认为，应将食欲的自我调节与其他与食物无关的领域一起作为儿童自我调节的范畴添加。这可能会导致对儿童时期自我调节的更广泛理解，并产生新颖的询问线索。饱食感，饱腹感，食物的能量密度，没有饥饿的饮食，情感饮食等。对食物和非食物领域的自我调节易于进行相互分析。我们认为，应将食欲的自我调节与其他与食物无关的领域一起作为儿童自我调节的范畴添加。这可能会导致对儿童时期自我调节的更广泛理解，并产生新颖的询问线索。饱食感，饱腹感，食物的能量密度，没有饥饿的饮食，情感饮食等。对食物和非食物领域的自我调节易于进行相互分析。我们认为，应将食欲的自我调节与其他与食物无关的领域一起作为儿童自我调节的范畴添加。这可能会导致对儿童时期自我调节的更广泛理解，并产生新颖的询问线索。