Key Points Consistent transcriptional signatures were identified 28 d after influenza vaccination. A new end point (maxRBA) characterizes Ab response relative to baseline. Genes related to Ab response behave differently in young and older adults. The seasonal influenza vaccine is an important public health tool but is only effective in a subset of individuals. The identification of molecular signatures provides a mechanism to understand the drivers of vaccine-induced immunity. Most previously reported molecular signatures of human influenza vaccination were derived from a single age group or season, ignoring the effects of immunosenescence or vaccine composition. Thus, it remains unclear how immune signatures of vaccine response change with age across multiple seasons. In this study we profile the transcriptional landscape of young and older adults over five consecutive vaccination seasons to identify shared signatures of vaccine response as well as marked seasonal differences. Along with substantial variability in vaccine-induced signatures across seasons, we uncovered a common transcriptional signature 28 days postvaccination in both young and older adults. However, gene expression patterns associated with vaccine-induced Ab responses were distinct in young and older adults; for example, increased expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor B1 (KLRB1; CD161) 28 days postvaccination positively and negatively predicted vaccine-induced Ab responses in young and older adults, respectively. These findings contribute new insights for developing more effective influenza vaccines, particularly in older adults.

中文翻译：

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年轻人和老年人灭活流感疫苗的季节性变异和共享分子特征

关键点 在流感疫苗接种后 28 天鉴定出一致的转录特征。新的终点 (maxRBA) 表征相对于基线的 Ab 反应。与 Ab 反应相关的基因在年轻人和老年人中表现不同。季节性流感疫苗是一种重要的公共卫生工具，但仅对一部分个体有效。分子特征的鉴定提供了一种了解疫苗诱导免疫驱动因素的机制。大多数先前报道的人类流感疫苗的分子特征来自单个年龄组或季节，忽略了免疫衰老或疫苗成分的影响。因此，尚不清楚疫苗反应的免疫特征如何在多个季节随年龄而变化。在这项研究中，我们分析了年轻人和老年人在连续五个疫苗接种季节的转录情况，以确定疫苗反应的共同特征以及明显的季节性差异。除了不同季节疫苗诱导特征的显着变化外，我们在疫苗接种后 28 天发现了年轻人和老年人的共同转录特征。然而，与疫苗诱导的抗体反应相关的基因表达模式在年轻人和老年人中是不同的。例如，在疫苗接种后 28 天，杀伤细胞凝集素样受体 B1（KLRB1；CD161）的表达增加，分别对年轻人和老年人的疫苗诱导的抗体反应进行了积极和消极的预测。这些发现为开发更有效的流感疫苗提供了新的见解，尤其是在老年人中。