The worldwide fossil fuel shortage and resultant environmental issues urgently require renewable and clean energy technologies. Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) are the cornerstone for renewable energy conversion and storage devices, such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, unitized regenerative fuel cells, and metal‐air batteries. High‐performance electrocatalysts are required to improve the ORR and OER activity and stability, and thus the device performance. Therefore, appropriate strategies and methods are crucial for the rational design and synthesis of highly efficient ORR/OER electrocatalysts. On the other hand, the conventional platinum‐group‐metal‐based (PGM‐based) catalysts, such as Pt and Ir/Ru (oxides), have been facing great challenges, including limited resources and high cost, leading to them being less competitive in the market. Thus, a lot of effort has been devoted to developing alternative PGM‐free ORR/OER catalysts, which, however, still suffer from low activity and insufficient stability. In this review paper, the strategies for engineering high‐performance PGM‐free ORR and OER electrocatalysts are discussed by reviewing the most recent advances. At the end, perspectives on the methods to rationally design PGM‐free ORR and OER catalysts are provided.

中文翻译：

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工程化高性能无PGM催化剂的氧还原和放出反应策略

全球范围内的化石燃料短缺和随之而来的环境问题迫切需要可再生和清洁能源技术。电催化氧还原/放出反应（ORR / OER）是可再生能源转化和存储设备的基础，例如燃料电池，电解槽，组合式可再生燃料电池和金属空气电池。需要高性能的电催化剂来改善ORR和OER的活性和稳定性，从而改善器件的性能。因此，适当的策略和方法对于合理设计和合成高效ORR / OER电催化剂至关重要。另一方面，传统的铂族金属基（PGM基）催化剂，例如Pt和Ir / Ru（氧化物），面临着巨大的挑战，包括资源有限，成本高，导致他们在市场上的竞争力下降。因此，已投入大量努力来开发替代的无PGM的ORR / OER催化剂，但是，该催化剂仍然存在活性低和稳定性不足的问题。在这篇综述文件中，通过回顾最新进展，讨论了设计高性能无PGM的ORR和OER电催化剂的策略。最后，提供了有关合理设计不含PGM的ORR和OER催化剂的方法的观点。