Research evolved using nanoparticles synthesized and characterized under reaction conditions opened the door to study all three fields of catalysis: heterogeneous, homogenous, and enzyme. Fundamental studies of catalytic reactions ranging from hydrogenation to understand Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and isomerization ultimately led to the integration of three fields of catalysis. Our recent work on bridging heterogeneous, homogenous, and enzymatic catalysis was present including functionalization of dendrimer encapsulated metal clusters surface for lactonization, active site engineering in metal organic framework catalysts for methanol production and oligomerization, and single site catalyst for hydrogen production. We envision that the combination of active site engineering and unifying fields of catalysis could be applied to solve practical issues of science-based technology and develop new fields useful in energy research.

使用在反应条件下合成并表征的纳米颗粒进行的研究为研究催化的所有三个领域（非均相，均相和酶）打开了大门。从加氢到了解费托合成和异构化的催化反应的基础研究最终导致了三个催化领域的整合。我们最近在桥接非均相，均相和酶催化方面的工作包括：将树枝状大分子包封的金属簇表面官能化以进行内酯化；在金属有机骨架催化剂中进行活性位点工程，用于甲醇生产和低聚；以及单位点催化剂，用于氢生产。