Abstract Graphene is a single carbon layer of zero bandgap without edges and basal plane fluctuations. Engineering such infinite plane structure to finite size or appropriate structure will lead to different electronic structures, opening the bandgap of graphene and further achieving the target-specific applications. Multidisciplinary research efforts have been devoted to the development of diverse low-dimensional or hierarchical structures as well novel functionalities. To gain insights into the further development, this review comprehensively covers the recent progress of different graphene architectures categorized by dimensionality and their applications in electronics, biosciences, energy storage and conversion as well as environmental remediation. Although these materials are made of the same building block, they exhibit distinct properties and behaviors depending on how the carbon atoms in the graphene planar are bonded and on how the graphene sheets are functionalized to form larger structures. In order to highlight the structural characteristics of different dimensional graphene materials, this review independently starts with the properties of one kind of architecture, followed by various synthesis methods as well as potential applications. Finally, some insights and outlook on the future directions and foreseeable challenges for graphene materials are also suggested as concluding remarks based on our own understanding.

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多维石墨烯结构及其他：独特的性质、合成和应用

摘要 石墨烯是零带隙的单碳层，没有边缘和基面波动。将这种无限平面结构设计为有限尺寸或适当的结构将导致不同的电子结构，打开石墨烯的带隙并进一步实现特定目标的应用。多学科研究工作致力于开发各种低维或分层结构以及新功能。为了深入了解进一步的发展，本综述全面涵盖了按维度分类的不同石墨烯架构的最新进展及其在电子、生物科学、能量存储和转换以及环境修复中的应用。虽然这些材料是由同一个积木构成的，它们表现出不同的特性和行为，这取决于石墨烯平面中的碳原子如何键合以及石墨烯片如何功能化以形成更大的结构。为了突出不同维度石墨烯材料的结构特征，本次综述独立从一种结构的特性开始，然后是各种合成方法以及潜在的应用。最后，基于我们自己的理解，还提出了对石墨烯材料未来方向和可预见挑战的一些见解和展望作为总结性评论。为了突出不同维度石墨烯材料的结构特征，本次综述独立从一种结构的特性开始，然后是各种合成方法以及潜在的应用。最后，基于我们自己的理解，还提出了对石墨烯材料未来方向和可预见挑战的一些见解和展望作为总结性评论。为了突出不同维度石墨烯材料的结构特征，本次综述独立从一种结构的特性开始，然后是各种合成方法以及潜在的应用。最后，基于我们自己的理解，还提出了对石墨烯材料未来方向和可预见挑战的一些见解和展望作为总结性评论。