Neuroinflammation is an important factor contributing to cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ischemic injury, and multiple sclerosis (MS). These diseases are characterized by inexorable progressive injury of neuron cells, and loss of motor or cognitive functions. Microglia, which are the resident macrophages in the brain, play an important role in both physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we provide an updated discussion on the role of ROS and metabolic disease in the pathological mechanisms of activation of the microglial cells and release of cytotoxins, leading to the neurodegenerative process. In addition, we also discuss in vivo models, such as zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans, and provide new insights into therapeutics bioinspired by neuropeptides from venomous animals, supporting high throughput drug screening in the near future, searching for a complementary approach to elucidating crucial mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

神经炎症是导致认知障碍和神经退行性疾病的重要因素，包括阿尔茨海默氏病（AD），帕金森氏病（PD），肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS），缺血性损伤和多发性硬化症（MS）。这些疾病的特征是神经元细胞无休止地进行性损伤，以及运动或认知功能丧失。小胶质细胞是大脑中的常驻巨噬细胞，在生理和病理状况中均起着重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们提供了关于ROS和代谢疾病在激活小胶质细胞和释放细胞毒素，从而导致神经变性过程的病理机制中的作用的最新讨论。此外，我们还讨论了体内模型，例如斑马鱼和秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans），并为来自有毒动物神经肽的生物启发的生物疗法提供新见解，支持在不久的将来进行高通量药物筛选，寻找一种补充方法来阐明与神经变性疾病相关的关键机制。