OBJECTIVES To examine the bidirectional temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and cognition in relation to risk, reaction, and prodrome. DESIGN Cross-lag analysis of longitudinal data collected online at baseline and 12-month follow-up. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A United Kingdom population cohort of 11,855 participants aged 50 years and over. MEASURES Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depressive symptoms), cognitive measures: Paired Associate Learning, Verbal Reasoning, Spatial Working Memory, and Digit Span. RESULTS Depressive symptoms predicted a decline in paired associates learning [β = -.020, P = .013, (95% confidence interval [CI], ‒.036, -.004)] and verbal reasoning [β = -.014, P = .016, (95% CI ‒.025, -.003)] but not vice versa. Depressive symptoms predicted [β = -.043, P < .001, (95% CI ‒.060, -.026); β = -.029, P < .001, (95% CI ‒.043, -.015)] and were predicted by [β = -.030, P = < .001, (95% CI ‒.047, -.014); β = -.025, P = .003, (95% CI ‒.041, -.009)], a decline in spatial working memory and verbal digit span, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Depressive symptoms may be either a risk factor or prodrome for cognitive decline. In addition, a decline in attention predicts depressive symptoms. Clinical implications and implications for further research are discussed.

中文翻译：

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中晚期抑郁症状与认知的时间关系：一项纵向队列研究

目的 研究抑郁症状和认知之间的双向时间关系，包括风险、反应和前驱症状。设计 对基线和 12 个月随访时在线收集的纵向数据进行交叉滞后分析。地点和参与者 一个由 11,855 名 50 岁及以上参与者组成的英国人口队列。测量患者健康问卷 9（抑郁症状），认知测量：配对学习、语言推理、空间工作记忆和数字跨度。结果 抑郁症状预测配对伙伴学习能力下降 [β = -.020, P = .013, (95% 置信区间 [CI], ‒.036, -.004)] 和语言推理 [β = -.014, P = .016, (95% CI ‒.025, -.003)] 但反之则不然。预测的抑郁症状 [β = -.043, P < .001, (95% CI ‒.060, -.026); β = -.029，P < .001，(95% CI ‒.043, -.015)] 并由 [β = -.030, P = < .001, (95% CI ‒.047, -.014) 预测；β = -.025, P = .003, (95% CI ‒.041, -.009)]，分别是空间工作记忆和语言数字跨度的下降。结论和意义 抑郁症状可能是认知能力下降的危险因素或前驱症状。此外，注意力下降预示着抑郁症状。讨论了临床意义和对进一步研究的影响。