Hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) is a technology with many variations and designs. The aim of this unit is cooling down PV temperature while producing hot water. In this paper, different PV/T designs are compared in terms of energy, exergy and efficiency. Data from experiments and numerical calculations conducted at Bangi, Malaysia was used for the comparisons. The proposed systems were tested in outdoor conditions. The designs in question are water-based PV/T, water-based PV/T with PCM tank, nanofluid-based PV/T with nano-PCM tank and conventional PV module. Effect of mass flow rate and solar irradiance are emphasized in this paper. The highest thermal efficiency, thermal energy and electrical exergy produced are found for PV/T with nanofluids and nano-PCM with around 72%, 14 kW and 76.152, respectively. All PV/T systems proposed exhibit better performance than the conventional PV module. These findings highlight the utility of PV/T technology and its massive potential to energize and popularize the solar energy field.

混合光伏热能（PV / T）是一项具有多种变型和设计的技术。该装置的目的是在产生热水的同时降低光伏温度。在本文中，比较了不同的PV / T设计的能量，能值和效率。比较使用了在马来西亚班吉进行的实验和数值计算得出的数据。建议的系统在室外条件下进行了测试。所涉及的设计是水基PV / T，带PCM储罐的水基PV / T，带纳米PCM储罐的纳米流体基PV / T和常规PV模块。本文着重介绍了质量流率和太阳辐照度的影响。纳米流体和纳米PCM的PV / T产生的最高热效率，热能和热能分别为72％，14 kW和76.152。建议的所有PV / T系统均比常规PV模块具有更好的性能。这些发现突出了PV / T技术的实用性及其在激发和普及太阳能领域方面的巨大潜力。