Surface visualization of a negative lead-acid battery electrode during charging and discharging using atomic force microscopy was performed. To accommodate the fine resolution of AFM and its inability to follow rough surfaces of the negative active mass of a real battery electrode, a smooth lead metal electrode was used. The focus was on the role of expanders on growth and dissolution of lead sulfate crystals. In one series of experiments we studied the effect of glass fibers embedded by pressure in the lead surface. The other series of experiments involved also glass fibers, but with the surface treated by lignosulfonates. It was observed that lignosulfonates suppress formation of the passivation layer on the electrode. On the other hand they cause higher polarization resistance of the electrode and reduce charge acceptance during charging.

使用原子力显微镜在充电和放电期间对负极铅酸电池电极进行了表面可视化。为了适应AFM的高分辨率，并且无法跟随真实电池电极负极活性物质的粗糙表面，使用了光滑的铅金属电极。重点是膨胀剂对硫酸铅晶体生长和溶解的作用。在一系列实验中，我们研究了压力下铅表面嵌入的玻璃纤维的影响。其他系列实验还涉及玻璃纤维，但表面经过木质素磺酸盐处理。观察到木质素磺酸盐抑制了电极上钝化层的形成。另一方面，它们引起电极的更高的极化电阻，并降低充电期间的电荷接受度。