Abstract A global positioning system (GPS) with high positioning accuracy (PA) is not feasible for challenging environments such as tunnels, underground, complex buildings, etc. For such environments, the alternative technology of visible light positioning (VLP) system has emerged as a viable solution. In this paper, we propose for the first time, a hybrid multi-band carrier-less amplitude and phase (m-CAP) based VLP and visible light communications (VLC) system using the fingerprinting algorithm for determining the position of the receiver, i.e., VLP, and employing the unused sub-bands of m-CAP for VLC. We compare the results for different transmitter configurations and a range of step sizes in terms of the position error (PE) and the bit error rate (BER) performances. Results show that, PE increases with the step size, which is the most critical parameter in fingerprinting-based positioning systems, for a fixed bit energy to noise ratio ( E b ∕ N 0 ). For a fixed E b ∕ N 0 of 10 dB the PE values are 4.5 and 10.7 cm for the step sizes of 1 and 20 cm, respectively. For a fixed step size, in contrast, PE decreases with increasing E b ∕ N 0 . Numerical results for a fixed step size of 5 cm show that the PE is reduced from 13.8 to 3.3 cm by 10 dB increase in E b ∕ N 0 . In addition, by increasing the step size, the quantization error overcomes the noise-induced error. We also show that, configurations I and II outperform configuration III in terms of the PE by about 8 to 6 cm at E b ∕ N 0 of 5 dB and BER (i.e., 1.56 × 10−4, 2.52 × 10−4 and 2.54 × 10−3 for configurations I, II and III, respectively at E b ∕ N 0 of 20 dB), since configuration III is approximately linear with a symmetrical fingerprint map and a lower illumination level.

中文翻译：

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使用 m-CAP 调制和指纹算法的混合 VLP 和 VLC 系统

摘要 具有高定位精度（PA）的全球定位系统（GPS）对于隧道、地下、复杂建筑物等具有挑战性的环境是不可行的。对于此类环境，可见光定位（VLP）系统的替代技术应运而生。一个可行的解决方案。在本文中，我们首次提出了一种基于混合多频带无载波幅度和相位 (m-CAP) 的 VLP 和可见光通信 (VLC) 系统，该系统使用指纹算法来确定接收器的位置，即，VLP，并将未使用的 m-CAP 子带用于 VLC。我们在位置误差 (PE) 和误码率 (BER) 性能方面比较了不同发射机配置和一系列步长的结果。结果表明，PE随着步长的增加而增加，对于固定的比特能量噪声比 (E b ∕ N 0 )，这是基于指纹的定位系统中最关键的参数。对于 10 dB 的固定 E b ∕ N 0，对于 1 和 20 厘米的步长，PE 值分别为 4.5 和 10.7 厘米。相反，对于固定步长，PE 随着 E b ∕ N 0 的增加而减小。固定步长为 5 cm 的数值结果表明，随着 E b ∕ N 0 增加 10 dB，PE 从 13.8 cm 减少到 3.3 cm。此外，通过增加步长，量化误差克服了噪声引起的误差。我们还表明，在 E b ∕ N 0 为 5 dB 和 BER（即 1.56 × 10−4、2.52 × 10−4 和 2.54 × 10−3 对于配置 I、II 和 III，分别在 E b ∕ N 0 为 20 dB)，