Recent results connected to nuclear collision dynamics, from low up to relativistic energies, are reviewed. Heavy ion reactions offer the unique opportunity to probe the complex nuclear many-body dynamics and to explore, in laboratory experiments, transient states of nuclear matter under several conditions of density, temperature and charge asymmetry. From the theoretical point of view, transport models are an essential tool to undertake these investigations and make a connection between the nuclear effective interaction and sensitive observables of experimental interest. In this article, we mainly focus on the description of results of transport models for a selection of reaction mechanisms, also considering comparisons of predictions of different approaches. This analysis can help understanding the impact of the interplay between mean-field and correlation effects, as well as of in-medium effects, on reaction observables, which is an essential point also for extracting information on the nuclear Equation of State. A special emphasis will be given to the review of recent studies aimed at constraining the density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy. For reactions at medium (Fermi) energies, we will describe light particle and fragment emission mechanisms, together with isospin transport effects. Collective effects characterizing nuclear collision dynamics, such as transverse and elliptic flows, will be discussed for relativistic heavy ion reactions, together with meson production and isotopic ratios.

中文翻译：

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中等能量和相对论能量下的碰撞动力学

回顾了与核碰撞动力学相关的最新结果，从低能量到相对论能量。重离子反应提供了独特的机会来探测复杂的核多体动力学，并在实验室实验中探索在密度、温度和电荷不对称的几种条件下核物质的瞬态。从理论的角度来看，输运模型是进行这些研究和将核有效相互作用与具有实验意义的敏感可观测物联系起来的重要工具。在本文中，我们主要关注对选择反应机制的输运模型结果的描述，同时还考虑了不同方法预测的比较。这种分析可以帮助理解平均场效应和相关效应之间的相互作用以及介质效应对反应可观察量的影响，这也是提取核状态方程信息的一个要点。将特别强调审查旨在限制核对称能密度行为的近期研究。对于中等（费米）能量的反应，我们将描述光粒子和碎片发射机制，以及同位旋传输效应。将针对相对论重离子反应以及介子产生和同位素比率讨论表征核碰撞动力学的集体效应，例如横向和椭圆流。这也是提取核状态方程信息的关键点。将特别强调审查旨在限制核对称能密度行为的近期研究。对于中等（费米）能量的反应，我们将描述光粒子和碎片发射机制，以及同位旋传输效应。将针对相对论重离子反应以及介子产生和同位素比率讨论表征核碰撞动力学的集体效应，例如横向和椭圆流。这也是提取核状态方程信息的关键点。将特别强调对最近旨在限制核对称能量密度行为的研究的回顾。对于中等（费米）能量的反应，我们将描述光粒子和碎片发射机制，以及同位旋传输效应。将针对相对论重离子反应以及介子产生和同位素比率讨论表征核碰撞动力学的集体效应，例如横向和椭圆流。我们将描述光粒子和碎片发射机制，以及同位旋传输效应。将针对相对论重离子反应以及介子产生和同位素比率讨论表征核碰撞动力学的集体效应，例如横向和椭圆流。我们将描述光粒子和碎片发射机制，以及同位旋传输效应。将针对相对论重离子反应以及介子产生和同位素比率讨论表征核碰撞动力学的集体效应，例如横向和椭圆流。