Despite all of the efforts in the field of cancer therapy, the heterogeneous properties of tumor cells induce an insufficient therapeutic outcome when treated with conventional monotherapies, necessitating a shift in cancer treatment from monotherapy to combination therapy for complete cancer treatment. Multifunctional bismuth (Bi)‐based nanomaterials (NMs) with therapeutic functions hold great promise for the fields of cancer diagnosis and therapy based on their low toxicity, X‐ray sensitive capabilities, high atomic number, near‐infrared driven semiconductor properties, and low cost. Herein, a comprehensive review of recent advances in various medicinal aspects of Bi‐based NMs is presented including: evaluation of in‐tumor site accumulation, tumor targeting, and therapeutic performance, as well as the characteristics, benefits, and shortcomings of Bi‐based NM‐mediated major monotherapies. In addition, the cooperative enhancement mechanisms between two or more of these monotherapies are described in detail to address common challenges in cancer therapy, such as multidrug resistance, hypoxia, and metastasis. Finally, this review opens new insights into the design of multimodal synergistic therapies for potential future clinical applications of Bi‐based NMs.

中文翻译：

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铋基纳米材料：肿瘤靶向和协同癌症治疗技术的最新进展。

尽管在癌症治疗领域进行了所有的努力，但是当用常规的单一疗法治疗时，肿瘤细胞的异质性仍导致不足的治疗结果，因此必须将癌症治疗从单一疗法转变为用于完整癌症治疗的联合疗法。具有治疗功能的多功能基于铋（Bi）的纳米材料（NMs）具有低毒性，对X射线敏感的功能，高原子序数，近红外驱动的半导体特性以及低的化学发光特性，在癌症诊断和治疗领域具有广阔的前景。成本。本文将对基于Bi的NMs在各个医学方面的最新进展进行全面综述，包括：评估肿瘤内位点积累，靶向肿瘤和治疗效果以及其特征，益处，和基于Bi的NM介导的主要单一疗法的缺点。另外，详细描述了两种或多种单一疗法之间的协同增强机制，以应对癌症疗法中的常见挑战，例如多药耐药性，缺氧和转移。最后，本综述为Bi-based NMs的潜在未来临床应用开辟了多模式协同疗法设计的新见解。