The practical development of WUSN would benefit numerous applications, including online infrastructure monitoring, earthquake warning systems, and agricultural automation. However, state-of- the-art RF electromagnetic wireless systems are ineffective for communicating through-soil, due to extreme signal path losses from absorption and scattering in soil, even though the typical data requirements for such applications are modest, ranging from tens to hundreds of bps. In contrast, elephants, rodents and a wide variety of insects use acoustic waves for communicating through-soil, suggesting the viability of soil as a communication channel, and of acoustic waves as carriers. In this article, we demonstrate how soil can be used as a communication medium for wireless acoustic digital communication over distances up to 50 m at 20 bps data rates. By leveraging a physical model of the soil channel derived from its identified characteristics, then employing QPSK and OOK modulation and sparse decision feedback equalization schemes, and exploiting well-coupled and matched acoustic sources, wireless digital communication was successful in both laboratory and field experiments, illustrating the viability of sending application- specific data, ranging from binary sensor readings to low-resolution images.

中文翻译：

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地下穿越土壤无线声通信系统的开发

WUSN的实际开发将使许多应用受益，包括在线基础设施监视，地震预警系统和农业自动化。但是，由于土壤中吸收和散射引起的极端信号路径损耗，即使对于此类应用，典型的数据要求适中，范围从数十到200，但最先进的RF电磁无线系统仍无法通过土壤通信。数百个基点 相比之下，大象，啮齿动物和各种各样的昆虫使用声波在土壤中进行通信，这表明土壤作为通信通道的生存能力以及声波作为载体的生存能力。在本文中，我们演示了如何将土壤用作20 bps数据速率下长达50 m距离的无线声波数字通信的通信介质。