Heavy-ion beam (HIB) irradiation has been widely used in microbial mutation breeding. However, a global cellular response to such radiation remains mostly uncharacterised. In this study, we used transcriptomics to analyse the damage repair response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae following a semi-lethal HIB irradiation (80 Gy), which induced a significant number of DNA double-strand breaks. Our analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 50 to 150 min post-irradiation revealed that upregulated genes were significantly enriched for gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes terms related to damage repair response. Based on the number of DEGs, their annotation, and their relative expression, we established that the peak of the damage repair response occurred 75 min post-irradiation. Moreover, we exploited the data from our recent study on X-ray irradiation-induced repair to compare the transcriptional patterns induced by semi-lethal HIB and X-ray irradiations. Although these two radiations have different properties, we found a significant overlap (> 50%) for the DEGs associated with five typical DNA repair pathways and, in both cases, identified homologous recombination repair (HRR) as the predominant repair pathway. Nevertheless, when we compared the relative enrichment of the five DNA repair pathways at the key time point of the repair process, we found that the relative enrichment of HRR was higher after HIB irradiation than after X-ray irradiation. Additionally, the peak stage of HRR following HIB irradiation was ahead of that following X-ray irradiation. Since mutations occur during the DNA repair process, uncovering detailed repair characteristics should further the understanding of the associated mutagenesis features.

中文翻译：

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酿酒酵母中重离子束辐照的修复特性和时间依赖性效应：与 X 射线辐照的比较。

重离子束（HIB）辐照已广泛应用于微生物突变育种。然而，全球细胞对这种辐射的反应大多没有特征。在这项研究中，我们使用转录组学分析了半致死 HIB 辐射 (80 Gy) 后酿酒酵母的损伤修复反应，该辐射诱导了大量 DNA 双链断裂。我们对辐照后 50 到 150 分钟的差异表达基因 (DEG) 的分析表明，上调基因显着富集了基因本体论和京都百科全书与损伤修复反应相关的基因和基因组术语。基于 DEG 的数量、它们的注释和它们的相对表达，我们确定损伤修复反应的峰值发生在照射后 75 分钟。而且，我们利用最近关于 X 射线辐射诱导修复的研究数据来比较半致死性 HIB 和 X 射线辐射诱导的转录模式。尽管这两种辐射具有不同的特性，但我们发现与五种典型 DNA 修复途径相关的 DEG 存在显着重叠（> 50%），并且在这两种情况下，均将同源重组修复 (HRR) 确定为主要修复途径。尽管如此，当我们在修复过程的关键时间点比较五种 DNA 修复途径的相对富集时，我们发现 HIB 照射后 HRR 的相对富集比 X 射线照射后更高。此外，HIB 照射后 HRR 的峰值阶段领先于 X 射线照射后的峰值阶段。由于突变发生在 DNA 修复过程中，