Abstract Wave runup is one of the most critical parameters contributing to coastline flooding and shoreline change. Many formulas have been developed to empirically predict wave runup characteristics. However, large errors are still associated to these estimates, feeding a debate on the best approach to describe runup through simple parameterizations. In this work we present a comprehensive review on runup, setup and swash empirical models. We use a large database of field measurements to verify the predictive capability of recent formulas, addressing possible sources of variability. We identify the effect of the nearshore bathymetry as an important factor missing in empirical predictors and examine this issue through an analysis of runup simulated with the SWASH model over different barred and linear bathymetries. The details of the submerged beach profile affect estimates, especially with respect to setup values. The lack of standardization in measuring, post-processing and sharing runup data, limits the application of previous published databases on new analysis. We list a set of recommendations that can be used as guidelines for new measurements to broaden the applicability of the datasets in future studies. Finally, we discuss the remaining questions that still need to be further explored.

中文翻译：

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关于海滩上的助跑、设置和横冲的预测

摘要 浪高是导致海岸线洪水和海岸线变化的最关键参数之一。已经开发了许多公式来凭经验预测波浪爬高特性。然而，这些估计仍然存在较大的误差，引发了关于通过简单参数化描述爬升的最佳方法的争论。在这项工作中，我们对 runup、setup 和 swash 经验模型进行了全面审查。我们使用大型现场测量数据库来验证最近公式的预测能力，解决可能的变异来源。我们将近岸水深测量的影响确定为经验预测变量中缺失的一个重要因素，并通过分析使用 SWASH 模型在不同禁止和线性水深上模拟的爬升来检查这个问题。淹没海滩剖面的细节会影响估计，尤其是在设置值方面。在测量、后处理和共享运行数据方面缺乏标准化，限制了以前发布的数据库在新分析中的应用。我们列出了一组建议，可用作新测量的指南，以扩大数据集在未来研究中的适用性。最后，我们讨论了仍然需要进一步探索的剩余问题。