Advances in genome technology have simplified a new comprehension of the genetic and historical processes crucial to rapid phenotypic evolution under domestication. To get new insight into the genetic basis of the dog domestication process, we conducted whole-genome sequence analysis of three wolves and three dogs from Iran which covers the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent located in Southwest Asia where the independent domestication of most of the plants and animals has been documented and also high haplotype sharing between wolves and dog breeds has been reported. Higher diversity was found within the wolf genome compared with the dog genome. A total number of 12.45 million SNPs were detected in all individuals (10.45 and 7.82 million SNPs were identified for all the studied wolves and dogs, respectively) and a total number of 3.49 million small Indels were detected in all individuals (3.11 and 2.24 million small Indels were identified for all the studied wolves and dogs, respectively). A total of 10,571 copy number variation regions (CNVRs) were detected across the 6 individual genomes, covering 154.65 Mb, or 6.41%, of the reference genome (canFam3.1). Further analysis showed that the distribution of deleterious variants in the dog genome is higher than the wolf genome. Also, genomic annotation results from intron and intergenic regions showed that the proportion of variations in the wolf genome is higher than that in the dog genome, while the proportion of the coding sequences and 3′-UTR in the dog genome is higher than that in the wolf genome. The genes related to the olfactory and immune systems were enriched in the set of the structural variants (SVs) identified in this work. Our results showed more deleterious mutations and coding sequence variants in the domestic dog genome than those in wolf genome. By providing the first Iranian dog and wolf variome map, our findings contribute to understanding the genetic architecture of the dog domestication.

中文翻译：

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对伊朗本土狗和狼进行全基因组重测序，以揭示狗驯化过程中的变异


基因组技术的进步简化了对驯化条件下快速表型进化至关重要的遗传和历史过程的新理解。为了对狗驯化过程的遗传基础有新的了解，我们对来自伊朗的三只狼和三只狗进行了全基因组序列分析，伊朗覆盖了位于西南亚新月沃土的东部地区，大部分狗的独立驯化都在这里。植物和动物已被记录，狼和狗品种之间的高单倍型共享也已被报道。与狗基因组相比，狼基因组中发现了更高的多样性。在所有个体中检测到总共 1245 万个 SNP（在所有研究的狼和狗中分别检测到 10.45 个和 782 万个 SNP），在所有个体中检测到总共 349 万个小插入缺失（在所有个体中检测到 311 万个和 224 万个小插入缺失）。分别鉴定了所有研究的狼和狗的插入缺失）。在 6 个个体基因组中总共检测到 10,571 个拷贝数变异区域 (CNVR)，覆盖参考基因组 (canFam3.1) 的 154.65 Mb，即 6.41%。进一步分析表明，狗基因组中有害变异的分布高于狼基因组。另外，内含子和基因间区域的基因组注释结果显示，狼基因组中变异的比例高于狗基因组，而狗基因组中编码序列和3'-UTR的比例高于狗基因组。狼基因组。与嗅觉和免疫系统相关的基因在本工作中鉴定的结构变体（SV）集中得到丰富。 我们的结果显示，家犬基因组中的有害突变和编码序列变异比狼基因组中的更多。通过提供第一个伊朗狗和狼的变异图，我们的发现有助于了解狗驯化的遗传结构。