The extensive and repetitive use of antifungal drugs has led to the development of drug-resistant Candida albicans. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has received considerable attention as an emerging and promising approach to combat drug-resistant microbes. This study evaluated the photodynamic effects mediated by aloe emodin (AE), a natural compound isolated from Aloe vera and Rheum palmatum, on azole-sensitive and azole-resistant C. albicans in vitro. AE exhibited no significant dark toxicity, but in the presence of light, effectively inactivated C. albicans cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The uptake of AE by fungal cells was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and the results showed that AE possessed stronger ability to enter into C. albicans cells following light irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy analysis suggested that AE-mediated aPDT could induce damage to the cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Damage to the surface of C. albicans was observed by scanning electron microscopy. These results suggest that AE is a potential PS for use in aPDT of drug-resistant C. albicans strains, and AE-mediated aPDT shows promise as an antifungal treatment.

中文翻译：

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芦荟大黄素介导的抗菌光动力疗法对药物敏感性和耐药性白色念珠菌的影响

抗真菌药的广泛重复使用导致了耐药性白色念珠菌的发展。抗菌光动力疗法（aPDT）作为对抗耐药性微生物的新兴且有希望的方法而受到了广泛的关注。这项研究评估了芦荟大黄素（AE）介导的光动力学效应，这是一种从芦荟和大黄大黄中分离得到的天然化合物，对体外对吡咯敏感性和吡咯抗性的白色念珠菌具有抑制作用。AE没有明显的暗毒性，但在有光照的情况下，有效灭活了白色念珠菌细胞以浓度依赖性方式存在。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）研究了真菌细胞对AE的吸收，结果表明，AE具有较强的光照射能力，能够进入白色念珠菌细胞。透射电子显微镜分析表明，AE介导的aPDT可诱导对细胞壁，细胞质和细胞核的损伤。通过扫描电子显微镜观察到白色念珠菌的表面损坏。这些结果表明，AE是用于耐药性白色念珠菌菌株的aPDT的潜在PS ，并且AE介导的aPDT显示出作为抗真菌治疗的希望。