Ecological processes, such as migration and phenology, are strongly influenced by climate variability. Studying these processes often relies on associating observations of animals and plants with climate indices, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). A common characteristic of climate indices is the simultaneous emergence of opposite extremes of temperature and precipitation across continental scales, known as climate dipoles. The role of climate dipoles in shaping ecological and evolutionary processes has been largely overlooked. We review emerging evidence that climate dipoles can entrain species dynamics and offer a framework for identifying ecological dipoles using broad-scale biological data. Given future changes in climatic and atmospheric processes, climate and ecological dipoles are likely to shift in their intensity, distribution, and timing.

中文翻译：

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气候偶极子是动植物种群的大陆驱动器。

迁移和物候等生态过程受到气候多变性的强烈影响。对这些过程的研究通常依赖于将动植物的观测结果与气候指数相关联，例如厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）。气候指数的一个共同特征是在整个大陆范围内同时出现了极端的温度和降水，这被称为气候偶极子。气候偶极子在塑造生态和进化过程中的作用已被大大忽略。我们回顾了新兴的证据，即气候偶极子可以带动物种动态，并提供了使用大规模生物学数据识别生态偶极子的框架。鉴于未来气候和大气过程的变化，气候和生态偶极子的强度可能会发生变化，