The four canonical bases that make up genomic DNA are subject to a variety of chemical modifications in living systems. Recent years have witnessed the discovery of various new modified bases and of the enzymes responsible for their processing. Here, we review the range of DNA base modifications currently known and recent advances in chemical methodology that have driven progress in this field, in particular regarding their detection and sequencing. Elucidating the cellular functions of modifications remains an ongoing challenge; we discuss recent contributions to this area before exploring their relevance in medicine.

中文翻译：

---

天然、修饰的 DNA 碱基。


组成基因组 DNA 的四个典型碱基在生命系统中会受到各​​种化学修饰。近年来，人们发现了各种新的修饰碱基和负责其加工的酶。在此，我们回顾了目前已知的 DNA 碱基修饰范围以及化学方法学的最新进展，这些进展推动了该领域的进步，特别是在检测和测序方面。阐明修饰的细胞功能仍然是一个持续的挑战；我们先讨论该领域的最新贡献，然后再探讨其在医学中的相关性。