The four canonical bases that make up genomic DNA are subject to a variety of chemical modifications in living systems. Recent years have witnessed the discovery of various new modified bases and of the enzymes responsible for their processing. Here, we review the range of DNA base modifications currently known and recent advances in chemical methodology that have driven progress in this field, in particular regarding their detection and sequencing. Elucidating the cellular functions of modifications remains an ongoing challenge; we discuss recent contributions to this area before exploring their relevance in medicine.

中文翻译：

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天然，修饰的DNA碱基。

组成基因组DNA的四个规范碱基在生命系统中会经历各种化学修饰。近年来，目睹了各种新的修饰碱基和负责其加工的酶的发现。在这里，我们回顾了目前已知的DNA碱基修饰的范围以及化学方法的最新进展，这些进展推动了该领域的发展，特别是在其检测和测序方面。阐明修饰的细胞功能仍然是一个持续的挑战。在探讨它们在医学上的相关性之前，我们讨论了对该领域的最新贡献。