In the present work, we developed a micellar system of milk protein-surfactant (SDS)-graphene to prepare the graphene-based aerogels via hydrothermal and freeze-drying method, in which the novel surface-property of aerogels can be tuned with the decreasing of micellar size in the colloid systems resulting the improved specific surface area. The milk protein also severed as green and sustainable sources to introduce nitrogen heteroatoms into the aerogels. Subsequently, the aerogels were further graphitized and activated to fabricate N-doped porous nanocarbon at 600 °C. The initial surface composition and structure of the aerogel, which was proved, has obvious impact on the final structure of the synthesized nanocarbon materials, and thus influence their electrochemical activity. The optimized nanocarbon materials (MGPC-5), with enhanced specific surface area, degree of graphitization, and nitrogen doping, exhibited excellent capacitance performance and stability in both three-electrode system (518.8 F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g) and symmetrical electrode system (120.8 F/g at current density of 0.1 A/g and with ~95% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles of charging and discharging at 3 A/g) in KOH. The assembled supercapacitor also shows ideal capacitive properties in series and parallel configurations. Tested with a stable 1.6 V windows in Li₂SO₄ electrolyte, the symmetric supercapacitor cell exhibits a high energy density up to 36.7 W h/kg. The present work provides a feasible fabrication method for high-performance supercapacitor based on graphene and biomass derived carbon, the proposed surface-property regulation and supercapacitor performance improvement strategy may also shed light on other energy related materials or system.

在当前的工作中，我们开发了一种牛奶蛋白表面活性剂（SDS）-石墨烯胶束系统，可通过以下方法制备基于石墨烯的气凝胶水热和冷冻干燥方法，其中随着胶体系统中胶束尺寸的减小，可以调整气凝胶的新表面特性，从而改善比表面积。牛奶蛋白也被切断为绿色和可持续的来源，从而将氮杂原子引入气凝胶。随后，将气凝胶进一步石墨化并活化，以在600°C制备N掺杂的多孔纳米碳。证明了气凝胶的初始表面组成和结构，对合成的纳米碳材料的最终结构有明显的影响，从而影响了它们的电化学活性。经过优化的纳米碳材料（MGPC-5），具有提高的比表面积，石墨化程度和氮掺杂，在三电极系统（电流密度为0.1 A / g时为518.8 F / g）和对称电极系统（电流密度为0.1 A / g时为120.8 F / g，且具有〜95％的电容）下均表现出出色的电容性能和稳定性在KOH中以3 A / g进行5000次充放电循环后的保持力。组装好的超级电容器在串联和并联配置中也显示出理想的电容特性。使用稳定的1.6 V窗口在锂中测试_在2 SO ₄电解质中，对称超级电容器电池具有高达36.7 W h / kg的高能量密度。本工作提供了一种基于石墨烯和生物质衍生碳的高性能超级电容器的可行制造方法，提出的表面性能调节和超级电容器性能改进策略也可能为其他能源相关材料或系统提供参考。