Looking times and gaze behavior indicate that infants can predict the goal state of an observed simple action event (e.g., object‐directed grasping) already in the first year of life. The present paper mainly focuses on infants’ predictive gaze‐shifts toward the goal of an ongoing action. For this, infants need to generate a forward model of the to‐be‐obtained goal state and to disengage their gaze from the moving agent at a time when information about the action event is still incomplete. By about 6 months of age, infants show goal‐predictive gaze‐shifts, but mainly for familiar actions that they can perform themselves (e.g., grasping) and for familiar agents (e.g., a human hand). Therefore, some theoretical models have highlighted close relations between infants’ ability for action‐goal prediction and their motor development and/or emerging action experience. Recent research indicates that infants can also predict action goals of familiar simple actions performed by non‐human agents (e.g., object‐directed grasping by a mechanical claw) when these agents display agency cues, such as self‐propelled movement, equifinality of goal approach, or production of a salient action effect. This paper provides a review on relevant findings and theoretical models, and proposes that the impacts of action experience and of agency cues can be explained from an action‐event perspective. In particular, infants’ goal‐predictive gaze‐shifts are seen as resulting from an interplay between bottom‐up processing of perceptual information and top‐down influences exerted by event schemata that store information about previously executed or observed actions.

中文翻译：

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婴儿对简单动作事件的目标预测：经验和代理线索的作用

看时间和凝视行为表明婴儿可以预测观察到的简单动作事件的目标状态（例如，对象导向的抓取）在生命的第一年就已经存在。本文主要关注婴儿对正在进行的动作目标的预测性凝视转移。为此，婴儿需要生成要获得的目标状态的前向模型，并在有关动作事件的信息仍然不完整时将视线从移动的代理上脱离。到大约 6 个月大时，婴儿会表现出目标预测性的视线转移，但主要是他们自己可以执行的熟悉动作（例如抓握）和熟悉的代理（例如人手）。所以，一些理论模型强调了婴儿行动目标预测能力与他们的运动发育和/或新出现的行动经验之间的密切关系。最近的研究表明，当这些代理显示代理提示时，婴儿也可以预测非人类代理执行的熟悉的简单动作的动作目标（例如，机械爪指向物体的抓取） ，或产生显着的动作效果。本文回顾了相关发现和理论模型，并提出可以从行动事件的角度解释行动经验和代理线索的影响。特别是，