Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are parasitic nematodes that mainly parasitize the small intestines of people and pigs, respectively. Ascariasis seriously endangers human health and causes huge economic losses in the pig industry. A. lumbricoides and A. suum have similar morphologies and genetic structures, and occasionally these organisms cross-infect the alternate host. Therefore, their taxonomies are controversial. In this study, the whole genomes of A. lumbricoides (n = 6) and A. suum (n = 6) were resequenced using a HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform. Phylogenetic, principal component, and population structure analyses showed clear genetic differentiation between the two Ascaris populations. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that the A. lumbricoides population was more primitive than the A. suum population. In the selective elimination analysis, 160 and 139 candidate regions were screened in A. lumbricoides and A. suum, respectively, and the selected regions were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The A. lumbricoides population had no significant enrichment in GO terms, but two KEGG pathways, the RNA degradation and tyrosine metabolism pathways, were significantly enriched. Five GO entries and one KEGG pathway, the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism signaling pathway, were significantly enriched in the A. suum population. An analysis of the demographic histories of Ascaris populations revealed that A. lumbricoides and A. suum had similar trends in effective population size in different historical periods. Ascaris populations peaked about 1 million years ago and then began to decline. In the last glacial period, they dropped to a historical low and continued at this level until the last glacial maximum. This phenomenon may be associated with the cold climate at that time. This study provides new information on the genetic differentiation, evolutionary relationships, gene functional enrichment, and population dynamics of Ascaris populations, with implications for host differences, evolution, and classification of A. lumbricoides and A. suum.

中文翻译：

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基于全基因组重测序的虫和su虫种群进化的研究。

lum虫和猪A虫是寄生线虫，主要寄生于人和猪的小肠。虫病严重危害人类健康，并给养猪业造成巨大的经济损失。A. lumbricoides和A. suum具有相似的形态和遗传结构，有时这些生物会交叉感染备用宿主。因此，他们的分类法是有争议的。在这项研究中，使用HiSeq X Ten测序平台对lumbricoides（n = 6）和su。suum（n = 6）的整个基因组进行了重新测序。系统发育，主成分和种群结构分析表明，两个A虫种群之间存在明显的遗传分化。连锁不平衡分析表明，lumbricoides种群比suum suum种群更为原始。在选择性剔除分析中，分别在虫和and虫中筛选了160个和139个候选区域，并通过基因本体论（GO）富集和《京都议定书》中的基因和基因组百科全书（KEGG）途径分析了所选区域。A. lumbricoides种群在GO方面没有明显的富集，但是两个KEGG途径（RNA降解和酪氨酸代谢途径）被显着富集。五个A进入和一个KEGG途径，丙氨酸，天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢信号传导途径，大大增加了A.suum人口。对A虫种群的人口历史进行分析后发现，在不同的历史时期内，A。lumbricoides和A. suum在有效种群规模上具有相似的趋势。虫种群大约在一百万年前达到顶峰，然后开始下降。在上一个冰川期，它们下降到历史低点，并一直维持在这个水平，直到最后一个冰川期。这种现象可能与当时的寒冷气候有关。这项研究提供了关于A虫种群的遗传分化，进化关系，基因功能富集和种群动态的新信息，对寄主差异，进化和。虫和and虫的分类有影响。