Cerebral ischemia is a result of insufficient blood flow to the brain. It leads to limited supply of oxygen and other nutrients to meet metabolic demands. These phenomena lead to brain damage. There are two types of cerebral ischemia: focal and global ischemia. This condition has significant impact on patient’s health and health care system requirements. Animal models such as transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and permanent occlusion of extracranial vessels have been established to mimic the conditions of the respective type of cerebral ischemia and to further understand pathophysiological mechanisms of these ischemic conditions. It is important to understand the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia in order to identify therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment. Here, we review the neuropathologies that are caused by cerebral ischemia and discuss the mechanisms that occur in cerebral ischemia such as reduction of cerebral blood flow, hippocampal damage, white matter lesions, neuronal cell death, cholinergic dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, cytotoxic oedema, a decline in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), malfunctioning of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, and the blood-brain barrier breakdown. Altogether, the information provided can be used to guide therapeutic strategies for cerebral ischemia.

中文翻译：

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深入了解脑缺血的神经病理学及其机制。

脑缺血是流向大脑的血流量不足的结果。它导致氧气和其他营养物质的供应有限，以满足代谢需求。这些现象会导致脑损伤。脑缺血有两种类型：局灶性和全身性缺血。这种情况对患者的健康和医疗保健系统的要求有重大影响。已经建立了大脑中动脉短暂闭塞和颅外血管永久闭塞等动物模型，以模拟相应类型脑缺血的状况，并进一步了解这些缺血状况的病理生理机制。重要的是要了解脑缺血的病理生理学，以确定预防和治疗的治疗策略。这里，⁺ /K ⁺ -ATPase，以及血脑屏障破坏。总之，所提供的信息可用于指导脑缺血的治疗策略。