Despite the widespread use of nanoparticles (NPs), there are still major gaps of knowledge regarding the impact of nanomaterials in the environment and aquatic animals. The present work aimed to study the effects of 7 and 40 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) - citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated - on the liver proteome of the estuarine/marine fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). After 96 h, exposure to AuNP elicited alterations on the abundance of 26 proteins, when compared to the control group. AuNPs differentially affected several metabolic pathways in S. aurata liver cells. Among the affected proteins were those related to cytoskeleton and cell structure, gluconeogenesis, amino acids metabolism and several processes related to protein activity (protein synthesis, catabolism, folding and transport). The increased abundance of proteins associated with energy metabolism (ATP synthase subunit beta), stress response (94 kDa glucose-regulated protein) and cytoskeleton structure (actins and tubulins) may represent the first signs of cellular oxidative stress induced by AuNPs. Although higher gold accumulation was found in the liver of S. aurata exposed to 7 nm PVP-AuNPs, the 7 nm cAuNPs were more bioactive, inducing more effects in liver proteome. Gold accumulated more in the spleen than in the other assessed tissues of S. aurata exposed to AuNPs, highlighting its potential role on the elimination of these NPs.

中文翻译：

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金纳米颗粒对金头鲷的蛋白质组学研究。

尽管纳米颗粒（NPs）的广泛使用，但是关于纳米材料对环境和水生动物影响的知识仍然存在很大差距。本工作旨在研究7纳米和40纳米金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）-柠檬酸盐和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）涂层-对河口/海鱼银头鲷（Sparus aurata）肝脏蛋白质组的影响。96小时后，与对照组相比，暴露于AuNP会引起26种蛋白质的丰度发生变化。AuNPs差异地影响金黄色葡萄球菌肝细胞中的几种代谢途径。受影响的蛋白质包括与细胞骨架和细胞结构，糖异生，氨基酸代谢有关的蛋白质以及与蛋白质活性（蛋白质合成，分解代谢，折叠和转运）有关的几个过程。与能量代谢（ATP合酶亚基β），应激反应（94 kDa葡萄糖调节蛋白）和细胞骨架结构（肌动蛋白和微管蛋白）相关的蛋白质丰度增加可能代表了AuNPs诱导的细胞氧化应激的第一个迹象。尽管在暴露于7 nm PVP-AuNPs的金黄色葡萄球菌的肝脏中发现了更高的金积累，但是7 nm cAuNPs具有更高的生物活性，在肝脏蛋白质组学中诱导了更多的作用。金在脾脏中比在暴露于AuNPs的金黄色葡萄球菌的其他评估组织中积累的更多，突出了其在消除这些NPs中的潜在作用。尽管在暴露于7 nm PVP-AuNPs的金黄色葡萄球菌的肝脏中发现了更高的金积累，但是7 nm cAuNPs具有更高的生物活性，在肝脏蛋白质组学中诱导了更多的作用。与暴露于AuNPs的金黄色葡萄球菌相比，金在脾脏中的积累要多于其他评估过的组织，这突显了其在消除这些NPs中的潜在作用。尽管在暴露于7 nm PVP-AuNPs的金黄色葡萄球菌的肝脏中发现了更高的金积累，但是7 nm cAuNPs具有更高的生物活性，在肝脏蛋白质组学中诱导了更多的作用。与暴露于AuNPs的金黄色葡萄球菌相比，金在脾脏中的积累要多于其他评估过的组织，这突显了其在消除这些NPs中的潜在作用。