The effect of holly polyphenols (HP) on intestinal inflammation and microbiota composition was evaluated in a piglet model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury. A total of twenty-four piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design including diet type and LPS challenge. After 16 d of feeding with a basal diet supplemented with or without 250 mg/kg HP, pigs were challenged with LPS (100 μg/kg body weight) or an equal volume of saline for 4 h, followed by analysis of disaccharidase activities, gene expression levels of several representative tight junction proteins and inflammatory mediators, the SCFA concentrations and microbiota composition in intestinal contents as well as proinflammatory cytokine levels in plasma. Our results indicated that HP enhanced intestinal disaccharidase activities and reduced plasma proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-challenged piglets. Moreover, HP up-regulated mRNA expression of intestinal tight junction proteins such as claudin-1 and occludin. In addition, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that HP altered hindgut microbiota composition by enriching Prevotella and enhancing SCFA production following LPS challenge. These results collectively suggest that HP is capable of alleviating LPS-triggered intestinal injury by improving intestinal disaccharidase activities, barrier function and SCFA production, while reducing intestinal inflammation.

中文翻译：

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冬青多酚可减轻脂多糖攻击猪的肠道炎症并改变微生物群组成

在脂多糖 (LPS) 诱导的小猪肠道损伤模型中评估了冬青多酚 (HP) 对肠道炎症和微生物群组成的影响。共有 24 头仔猪用于 2 × 2 因子设计，包括饮食类型和 LPS 挑战。在添加或不添加 250 mg/kg HP 的基础日粮饲喂 16 天后，用 LPS（100 μg/kg 体重）或等体积的盐水攻击猪 4 小时，然后分析双糖酶活性、基因几种代表性紧密连接蛋白和炎症介质的表达水平、肠道内容物中的 SCFA 浓度和微生物群组成以及血浆中的促炎细胞因子水平。α和 LPS 攻击的仔猪中的 IL-6。此外，HP上调肠紧密连接蛋白如claudin-1和occludin的mRNA表达。此外，细菌 16S rRNA 基因测序表明，HP 通过富集改变后肠微生物群组成。普雷沃泰拉并在 LPS 挑战后提高 SCFA 产量。这些结果共同表明，HP 能够通过改善肠道双糖酶活性、屏障功能和 SCFA 产生来减轻 LPS 引发的肠道损伤，同时减少肠道炎症。