Using longitudinal data from the first and second waves of the Young Lives Study (YLS) in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam, conducted in 2002 and 2006–07, and a repeated measures mixed model, this study examined the effect of the use of solid fuels for cooking on childhood stunting among children aged 5–76 months. The analysis showed that in all four populations, the average height-for-age z-score (HAZ score) was much lower among children living in households using solid fuels than among children in households using cleaner fuels for cooking. The average HAZ score was lower among children living in households that used solid fuels in both waves of the YLS compared with those whose households used solid fuels in only one of the two waves. A significant reduction was noted in the average HAZ score between the two waves in all countries except Ethiopia. The results of the repeated measures mixed model suggest that household use of solid fuels was significantly associated with lower HAZ scores in all populations, except Ethiopia. The findings also indicate that the reduction in the HAZ scores between waves 1 and 2 was not statistically significant by the type of cooking fuel after controlling for potential confounding factors. The study provides further evidence of a strong association between household use of solid fuels and childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries using longitudinal data. The findings highlight the need to reduce exposure to smoke from the combustion of solid fuels, by shifting households to cleaner cooking fuels, where feasible, by providing cooking stoves with improved combustion of solid fuels and improved venting, and by designing and implementing public information campaigns to inform people about the health risks of exposure to cooking smoke.

中文翻译：

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使用固体燃料做饭会导致儿童发育迟缓吗？来自低收入和中等收入国家的纵向数据分析

利用 2002 年和 2006-07 年在埃塞俄比亚、印度（安得拉邦）、秘鲁和越南进行的青年生命研究 (YLS) 的第一波和第二波的纵向数据，以及重复测量混合模型，本研究检验了效果使用固体燃料做饭对 5-76 个月儿童发育迟缓的影响。分析表明，在所有四个人群中，平均年龄别身高z- 生活在使用固体燃料的家庭中的儿童的得分（HAZ 评分）远低于使用清洁燃料做饭的家庭中的儿童。与仅在两波中的一波中使用固体燃料的家庭相比，居住在两波 YLS 中使用固体燃料的家庭的儿童的平均 HAZ 分数较低。除埃塞俄比亚外，所有国家的两波之间的平均 HAZ 得分均显着降低。重复测量混合模型的结果表明，家庭使用固体燃料与除埃塞俄比亚外的所有人群中较低的 HAZ 分数显着相关。研究结果还表明，在控制了潜在的混杂因素后，第 1 波和第 2 波之间的 HAZ 分数的降低与烹饪燃料的类型没有统计学意义。该研究使用纵向数据提供了进一步证据，证明家庭使用固体燃料与中低收入国家儿童发育迟缓之间存在密切关联。调查结果强调需要减少接触固体燃料燃烧产生的烟雾，方法是在可行的情况下将家庭转移到更清洁的烹饪燃料，为烹饪炉提供改进的固体燃料燃烧和改进的通风，以及设计和实施公共宣传活动告知人们接触烹饪烟雾的健康风险。