Many insect species, including social insects, are currently declining in abundance and diversity. Pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals, or airborne fine particulate matter from agricultural and industrial sources are among the factors driving this decline. While these pollutants can have direct detrimental effects, they can also result in negative interactive effects when social insects are simultaneously exposed to multiple stressors. For example, sublethal effects of pollutants can increase the disease susceptibility of social insects, and thereby jeopardize their survival. Here we review how pesticides, heavy metals, or airborne fine particulate matter interact with social insect physiology and especially the insects' immune system. We then give an overview of the current knowledge of the interactive effects of these pollutants with pathogens or parasites. While the effects of pesticide exposure on social insects and their interactions with pathogens have been relatively well studied, the effects of other pollutants, such as heavy metals in soil or fine particulate matter from combustion, vehicular transport, agriculture, and coal mining are still largely unknown. We therefore provide an overview of urgently needed knowledge in order to mitigate the decline of social insects.

中文翻译：

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污染物及其与社交膜翅目疾病的相互作用。

目前，包括社会昆虫在内的许多昆虫物种的丰度和多样性正在下降。造成这种下降的因素包括农药，重金属或农业和工业来源的空气传播的细颗粒物等污染物。尽管这些污染物可能具有直接有害作用，但当社交昆虫同时暴露于多种应激源时，它们也可能导致负面的相互作用。例如，污染物的亚致死作用可能会增加社交昆虫的疾病易感性，从而危害其生存。在这里，我们回顾了农药，重金属或空气中的细颗粒物如何与社会昆虫生理学特别是昆虫的免疫系统相互作用。然后，我们概述了这些污染物与病原体或寄生虫的相互作用的当前知识。尽管对农药接触对社会昆虫及其与病原体相互作用的影响进行了比较充分的研究，但其他污染物（如土壤中的重金属或燃烧，车辆运输，农业和煤炭开采产生的细颗粒物）的影响仍然很大未知。因此，我们概述了迫切需要的知识，以减轻社交昆虫的衰退。煤炭开采仍是未知数。因此，我们概述了迫切需要的知识，以减轻社交昆虫的衰退。煤炭开采仍是未知数。因此，我们概述了迫切需要的知识，以减轻社交昆虫的衰退。