Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by all forms of life, ranging from eukaryotes to prokaryotes, and they are a crucial component of innate immunity, involved in clearing infection by inhibiting pathogen colonization. In the recent past, AMPs received high attention due to the increase of extensive antibiotic resistance by these pathogens. AMPs exhibit a diverse spectrum of activity against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and various types of cancer. AMPs are active against various bacterial pathogens that cause disease in animals and plants. However, because of the coevolution of host and pathogen interaction, bacteria have developed the mechanisms to sense and exhibit an adaptive response against AMPs. These resistance mechanisms are playing an important role in bacterial virulence within the host. Here, we have discussed the different resistance mechanisms used by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to sense and combat AMP actions. Understanding the mechanism of AMP resistance may provide directions toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies to control multidrug-resistant pathogens.

中文翻译：

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对抗菌肽的抗性的共同进化。

从真核生物到原核生物，各种生命形式都产生抗菌肽（AMPs），它们是先天免疫的重要组成部分，通过抑制病原体定殖来清除感染。近年来，由于这些病原体对抗生素的广泛耐药性增加，AMPs受到了高度关注。AMP对细菌，真菌，寄生虫和各种类型的癌症表现出各种各样的活性。AMP对引起动物和植物疾病的各种细菌病原体具有活性。但是，由于宿主和病原体相互作用的共同进化，细菌已经开发出检测和显示针对AMPs的适应性反应的机制。这些抗性机制在宿主内细菌毒力中起重要作用。这里，我们已经讨论了革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌用来感测和对抗AMP作用的不同耐药机制。了解AMP耐药的机制可能为开发新的治疗策略，以控制耐多药病原体提供指导。