Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed to imidacloprid by gavage once daily for 7 consecutive days at 0, 0.03, 0.34, 3.42, 10.25, and 15.5 mg/kg/day (n = 20 per group; 5 6-week-old males, 5 6-week-old females, 5 9-week-old males, and 5 9-week-old females). The severity and duration of neurobehavioral abnormalities were recorded. Components of the innate and adaptive immune system were assessed with 7 standard functional assays. Temporary neurobehavioral abnormalities were observed in a dose-dependent manner, including muscle tremors, ataxia, and depressed mentation. Based upon mean clinical severity scores, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 3.42 mg/kg/day, and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 10.25 mg/kg/day. The effective dose value for the presence of any neurobehavioral abnormalities in 50% of the test group (ED50) was 4.62 ± 0.98 mg/kg/day. The ED50 for an adjusted score that included both severity and duration of neurobehavioral abnormalities was 11.24 ± 9.33 mg/kg/day. These ED50 values are equivalent to a 1 kg bird ingesting 29 or 70 imidacloprid treated soybean seeds respectively. Immunotoxicity was not documented, possible causes include the assays were insensitive, relevant immune functions were not examined, or imidacloprid is not immunotoxic at this dosing schedule in this species. Neurobehavioral abnormalities were a more sensitive indicator of the sublethal effects of imidacloprid than immunotoxicity.

中文翻译：

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评价家养鸡对口服吡虫啉暴露后的神经行为异常和免疫毒性。

每天以0、0.03、0.34、3.42、10.25和15.5 mg / kg / day的剂量每天一次对家禽（Gallus gallus domesticus）连续7天暴露于吡虫啉（n =每组20只; 5周龄为6周）男性，5个6周龄的女性，5个9周龄的男性和5个9周龄的女性）。记录神经行为异常的严重程度和持续时间。先天和适应性免疫系统的组成部分通过7种标准功能测定进行评估。观察到暂时的神经行为异常呈剂量依赖性，包括肌肉震颤，共济失调和精神抑郁。根据平均临床严重性评分，未观察到的不良反应水平（NOAEL）为3.42 mg / kg /天，最低观察到的不良反应水平（LOAEL）为10.25 mg / kg /天。在50％的测试组中，任何神经行为异常的有效剂量值（ED50）为4.62±0.98 mg / kg / day。包括神经行为异常的严重程度和持续时间在内的调整评分的ED50为11.24±9.33 mg / kg / day。这些ED50值相当于一只1公斤禽鸟，分别摄入29或70吡虫啉处理过的大豆种子。尚未记录免疫毒性，可能的原因包括该检测方法不灵敏，未检查相关的免疫功能，或吡虫啉在该剂量给药方案中对本种无免疫毒性。神经行为异常是吡虫啉亚致死作用比免疫毒性更敏感的指标。包括神经行为异常的严重程度和持续时间在内的调整评分的ED50为11.24±9.33 mg / kg / day。这些ED50值相当于一只1公斤禽鸟，分别摄入29或70吡虫啉处理过的大豆种子。没有免疫毒性的记录，可能的原因包括该试验不敏感，未检查相关的免疫功能或吡虫啉在该给药方案中没有免疫毒性。神经行为异常是吡虫啉亚致死作用比免疫毒性更敏感的指标。包括神经行为异常的严重程度和持续时间在内的调整评分的ED50为11.24±9.33 mg / kg / day。这些ED50值相当于一只1公斤禽鸟，分别摄入29或70吡虫啉处理过的大豆种子。尚未记录免疫毒性，可能的原因包括该检测方法不灵敏，未检查相关的免疫功能，或吡虫啉在该剂量给药方案中对本种无免疫毒性。神经行为异常是吡虫啉亚致死作用比免疫毒性更敏感的指标。在该给药方案中，未检查相关的免疫功能，或吡虫啉没有免疫毒性。神经行为异常是吡虫啉亚致死作用比免疫毒性更敏感的指标。在该给药方案中，未检查相关的免疫功能，或吡虫啉没有免疫毒性。神经行为异常是吡虫啉亚致死作用比免疫毒性更敏感的指标。