Homologous recombination (HR) is a faithful repair mechanism for double stranded DNA breaks. Two highly homologous master kinases, the tumour suppressors ATM and ATR (Tel1 and Mec1 in yeast), coordinate cell cycle progression with repair during HR. Despite their importance, our molecular understanding of these apical coordinators has been limited, in part due to their large sizes. With the recent development in cryo-electron microscopy, significant advances have been made in structural characterisation of these proteins in the last two years. These structures, combined with new biochemical studies, now provide a more detailed understanding of how a low basal activity is maintained and how activation may occur. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the structural and molecular understanding of these key components in HR, compare the common and distinct features of these kinases and suggest aspects of structural components that are likely to be involved in regulating its activity.

中文翻译：

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ATM和ATR的结构和法规，是基因组完整性中的主要激酶。

同源重组（HR）是双链DNA断裂的忠实修复机制。两种高度同源的主激酶，肿瘤抑制因子ATM和ATR（酵母中的Tel1和Mec1），在HR期间通过修复来协调细胞周期进程。尽管它们很重要，但是我们对这些根尖协调员的分子理解仍然受到限制，部分原因是它们的尺寸很大。随着冷冻电子显微镜的最新发展，在最近两年中，在这些蛋白质的结构表征方面取得了重大进展。这些结构，再加上新的生化研究，现在可以更详细地了解如何维持较低的基础活性以及如何发生活化。在这篇评论中，我们总结了对HR中这些关键组件的结构和分子理解的最新进展，