In the past decade, we have witnessed the revolution in cancer therapy, especially in the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy. In particular, the introduction of nanomedicine has achieved great improvement in breaking the limitations of and immunological tolerance caused by clinic-approved immunotherapies (cancer vaccine, CAR-T, and immune checkpoint blockade) to enhance immunogenicity, antigen presentation and T lymphocyte infiltration for eradicating the primary tumors and distant metastases simultaneously. However, some fundamental but significant issues still need to be thoroughly clarified before the combination of nanomedicine and immunotherapy moves toward clinical translation such as biological safety and synergistic mechanisms of nanomaterials in the systematic immune responses. Therefore, in this review, the role of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy is summarized, mainly focusing on the effective activation and long-term stimulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses and regulation of or remodeling the tumor microenvironment, especially the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Also, we elaborate on the targets and challenges of nanomaterials in the cancer-immunity cycle, summarize several main strategies to convert the cold tumor immune microenvironment to the hot one, and illustrate the progress in regulation of tumor immune microenvironment by targeting specific immunosuppressive cells. Finally, we prospect the nano-combined immunotherapy strategies in tumor-targeting, normalization of tumor immune environment and modification of macrophages. This article is characterized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

中文翻译：

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纳米生物材料调节癌症免疫周期和肿瘤微环境，以增强肿瘤免疫疗法。

在过去的十年中，我们见证了癌症疗法的革命，尤其是癌症免疫疗法的飞速发展。特别是，纳米药物的引入在突破临床批准的免疫疗法（癌症疫苗，CAR-T和免疫检查点封锁）引起的局限性和免疫耐受性方面取得了很大的进步，从而增强了免疫原性，抗原呈递和T淋巴细胞浸润，从而根除原发肿瘤和远处转移同时发生。但是，在纳米药物和免疫疗法相结合进行临床翻译之前，仍需要彻底阐明一些基本但重要的问题，例如生物安全性和系统性免疫应答中纳米材料的协同机制。因此，在这篇评论中，总结了纳米材料在癌症免疫治疗中的作用，主要集中于先天和适应性免疫应答的有效激活和长期刺激以及肿瘤微环境，尤其是肿瘤免疫抑制微环境的调节或重塑。此外，我们详细阐述了纳米材料在癌症-免疫周期中的目标和挑战，总结了将冷的肿瘤免疫微环境转变为高温的几种主要策略，并说明了通过靶向特定的免疫抑制细胞来调节肿瘤免疫微环境的进展。最后，我们展望了在肿瘤靶向，肿瘤免疫环境正常化和巨噬细胞修饰中的纳米联合免疫治疗策略。本文的特点是：