A highly debated question in attention research is to what extent attention is biased by bottom-up factors such as saliency versus top-down factors as governed by the task. Visual search experiments in which participants are briefly familiarized with the task and then see a novel stimulus unannounced and for the first time support yet another factor, showing that novel and surprising features attract attention. In the present study, we tested whether gaze behavior as an indicator for attentional prioritization can be predicted accurately within displays containing both salient and novel stimuli by means of a priority map that assumes novelty as an additional source of activation. To that aim, we conducted a visual search experiment where a color singleton was presented for the first time in the surprise trial and manipulated the color-novelty of the remaining non-singletons between participants. In one group, the singleton was the only novel stimulus ("one-new"), whereas in another group, the non-singleton stimuli were likewise novel ("all-new"). The surprise trial was always target absent and designed such that top-down prioritization of any color was unlikely. The results show that the singleton in the all-new group captured the gaze less strongly, with more early fixations being directed to the novel non-singletons. Overall, the fixation pattern can accurately be explained by noisy priority maps where saliency and novelty compete for gaze control.

中文翻译：

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新奇与显着竞争引起人们的注意。

注意力研究中一个备受争议的问题是，注意力在多大程度上受到自下而上的因素（例如显着性与任务所控制的自上而下的因素）的影响。视觉搜索实验中，参与者简短地熟悉了任务，然后看到了未宣布的新颖刺激，并首次支持了另一个因素，表明新颖而令人惊讶的功能吸引了人们的注意。在本研究中，我们测试了视线行为是否可以通过同时包含显着刺激和新刺激的显示器中的新事物作为激活的额外来源的优先级映射图来准确预测。为此，我们进行了视觉搜索实验，在惊喜试验中首次显示了颜色单例，并操纵了参与者之间其余非单例的颜色新颖性。在一个组中，单例是唯一的新颖刺激（“一个新的”），而在另一组中，非单例刺激同样是新颖的（“全新的”）。惊喜试验始终没有目标，并且设计成不可能对任何颜色进行自上而下的优先排序。结果表明，全新组中的单身人士对注视的捕捉力较弱，而更多的早期注视对象是新颖的非单身人士。总体而言，注视模式可以通过嘈杂的优先级图来准确地解释，其中显着性和新颖性会争夺注视控制权。单例是唯一的新颖刺激（“一个新的”），而在另一组中，非单例刺激同样是新颖的（“全新的”）。惊喜试验始终没有目标，并且设计成不可能对任何颜色进行自上而下的优先排序。结果表明，全新组中的单身人士对注视的捕捉力较弱，而更多的早期注视对象是新颖的非单身人士。总体而言，注视模式可以通过嘈杂的优先级图来准确地解释，其中显着性和新颖性会争夺注视控制权。单例是唯一的新颖刺激（“一个新的”），而在另一组中，非单例刺激同样是新颖的（“全新的”）。惊喜试验始终没有目标，并且设计成不可能对任何颜色进行自上而下的优先排序。结果表明，全新组中的单身人士对注视的捕捉力较弱，而更多的早期注视对象是新颖的非单身人士。总体而言，注视模式可以通过嘈杂的优先级图来准确地解释，其中显着性和新颖性会争夺注视控制权。结果表明，全新组中的单身人士对注视的捕捉力较弱，而更多的早期注视对象是新颖的非单身人士。总体而言，注视模式可以通过嘈杂的优先级图来准确地解释，其中显着性和新颖性会争夺注视控制权。结果表明，全新组中的单身人士对注视的捕捉力较弱，而更多的早期注视对象是新颖的非单身人士。总体而言，注视模式可以通过嘈杂的优先级图来准确地解释，其中显着性和新颖性会争夺注视控制权。