Species susceptible to inbreeding depression are hypothesized to combat this problem through a number of different mechanisms, including kin recognition. For species with kin recognition, it is unknown if filial recognition is innate or due to prior juvenile experience with siblings. Here, we first test for the presence of kin recognition, and then test these two hypotheses for the development of filial recognition, in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, a species that suffers from inbreeding depression when forcibly inbred but recovers within a few generations when allowed to breed freely. We evaluate whether the rapid recovery from inbreeding depression is associated with either innate or learned filial recognition. First, we determined whether females innately prefer unrelated males over sibling males using females reared in isolation and then given a choice between an unrelated and a sibling male. Then, we determined if females raised with siblings learned to detect and avoid mating with siblings as adults when provided a choice between an unrelated male and a sibling male. Finally, we determined if females raised with siblings could learn to detect and avoid mating with familiar siblings when given a choice between familiar and unfamiliar siblings. We found that females mated randomly in all three choice combinations. Observed male behavior also did not influence female mating outcome. Our results suggest that adult females do not innately avoid or learn to avoid siblings during mate selection, and that filial detection may not be as critical to reproductive fitness in B. anynana as previously thought.

中文翻译：

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在蝴蝶 Bicyclus anynana 的配偶选择过程中缺乏兄弟姐妹回避

假设易受近亲繁殖抑制的物种通过多种不同的机制来解决这个问题，包括亲属识别。对于具有亲属识别的物种，不知道孝顺识别是天生的还是由于先前与兄弟姐妹的幼年经历。在这里，我们首先测试亲缘识别的存在，然后测试这两个假设以发展亲子识别，在蝴蝶 Bicyclus anynana 中，这种物种在强制近交时遭受近交抑制，但在允许近交时在几代内恢复自由繁殖。我们评估从近亲繁殖抑郁症的快速恢复是否与先天或后天的孝顺识别有关。第一的，我们使用单独饲养的雌性来确定雌性是否天生更喜欢无关的雄性而不是兄弟姐妹，然后在无关和兄弟姐妹之间做出选择。然后，我们确定了与兄弟姐妹一起长大的女性在成年后是否学会了在无关男性和兄弟姐妹之间进行选择时发现并避免与兄弟姐妹交配。最后，我们确定在熟悉和不熟悉的兄弟姐妹之间做出选择时，与兄弟姐妹一起长大的女性是否可以学会检测和避免与熟悉的兄弟姐妹交配。我们发现雌性在所有三种选择组合中都是随机交配的。观察到的雄性行为也不影响雌性交配结果。我们的结果表明，成年女性在择偶过程中不会天生回避或学会回避兄弟姐妹，