Breathing is fundamental to life and any adverse change in respiratory function can endanger the health of an organism or even be fatal. Perinatal inflammation is known to adversely affect breathing in preterm babies, but lung infection/inflammation impacts all stages of life from birth to death. Little is known about the role of inflammation in respiratory control, neuronal morphology, or neural function during development. Animal models of inflammation can provide understanding and insight into respiratory development and how inflammatory processes alter developmental phenotype in addition to providing insight into new treatment modalities. In this review, we focus on recent work concerning the development of neurons, models of perinatal inflammation with an emphasis on two common LPS-based models, inflammation and its impact on development, and current and potential treatments for inflammation within the respiratory control circuitry of the mammalian brainstem. We have also discussed models of inflammation in adults and have specifically focused on hypoglossal motoneurons (XII) and neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) as these nuclei have been studied more extensively than other brainstem nuclei participating in breathing and airway control. Understanding the impact of inflammation on the developmental aspects of respiratory control and breathing pattern is critical to addressing problems of cardiorespiratory dysregulation in disease and this overview points out many gaps in our current knowledge.

中文翻译：

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炎症对正在发育的呼吸系统的影响：专注于舌下神经（XII）神经元形态，脑干神经化学和呼吸控制。

呼吸是生命的基础，呼吸功能的任何不利变化都可能危害生物体的健康，甚至可能致命。众所周知，围产期炎症会对早产婴儿的呼吸产生不利影响，但肺部感染/炎症会影响从出生到死亡的所有生命阶段。关于炎症在发育过程中对呼吸控制，神经元形态或神经功能的作用知之甚少。炎症的动物模型除了可以提供对新治疗方式的洞察力之外，还可以提供对呼吸道发育以及炎症过程如何改变发育表型的理解和洞察力。在这篇评论中，我们重点关注有关神经元发育，围产期炎症模型的最新工作，重点是两种基于LPS的常见模型，炎症及其对发育的影响，以及哺乳动物脑干呼吸控制回路中炎症的当前和潜在治疗方法。我们还讨论了成年人的炎症模型，并且特别关注了舌下运动神经元（XII）和孤束核（nTS）的神经元，因为与其他参与呼吸和气道控制的脑干核相比，对这些核的研究更加广泛。了解炎症对呼吸控制和呼吸方式发展方面的影响对于解决疾病中的心肺功能失调的问题至关重要，本概述指出了我们当前知识中的许多空白。我们还讨论了成年人的炎症模型，并且特别关注了舌下运动神经元（XII）和孤束核（nTS）的神经元，因为与其他参与呼吸和气道控制的脑干核相比，这些核的研究更加广泛。了解炎症对呼吸控制和呼吸方式发展方面的影响对于解决疾病中的心肺功能失调的问题至关重要，本概述指出了我们当前知识中的许多空白。我们还讨论了成年人的炎症模型，并且特别关注了舌下运动神经元（XII）和孤束核（nTS）的神经元，因为与其他参与呼吸和气道控制的脑干核相比，对这些核的研究更加广泛。了解炎症对呼吸控制和呼吸方式发展方面的影响对于解决疾病中的心肺功能失调的问题至关重要，本概述指出了我们当前知识中的许多空白。