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The association of coloniality with parental care of embryos
Journal of Experimental Zoology-B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-30 , DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22929 Richard R Strathmann 1
Journal of Experimental Zoology-B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-30 , DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22929 Richard R Strathmann 1
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Many colonial marine animals care for embryos by brooding them on or in their bodies. For brooding to occur, features of the animals must allow it, and brooding must be at least as advantageous as releasing gametes or zygotes. Shared features of diverse colonial brooders are suspension feeding and a body composed of small modules that are indefinitely repeated and can function semi‐autonomously, such as polyps or zooids. Suspension feeding permits capture of sperm for fertilization of ova that are retained by the parent. Distribution of broods among numerous small polyps, zooids, or other small modules facilitates supply of oxygen to embryos that are retained and protected by the parent. Brooding increases survival of offspring, controls dispersal, and can provide other developmental advantages. Colonial ascidians, pterobranch hemichordates, and entoprocts brood; most bryozoans and many colonial cnidarians brood. An unanswered question is why so many colonial anthozoans do not brood. Sponges share with colonies capacities for capturing sperm and separating numerous retained embryos yet many do not brood. Hypotheses for nonbrooding by colonies and sponges necessarily must apply to particular taxa. Few have been tested.
中文翻译：
殖民与父母对胚胎的照顾的关联
许多殖民地海洋动物通过在它们的身体上或体内育雏来照顾胚胎。要进行育雏，动物的特征必须允许，育雏必须至少与释放配子或受精卵一样有利。不同殖民地育雏的共同特征是悬浮进食和由无限重复并且可以半自主运作的小模块组成的身体，例如息肉或动物。悬浮喂养允许捕获精子用于受精的卵子，这些精子被父母保留。在众多小息肉、动物或其他小模块中分布育雏有助于向由亲本保留和保护的胚胎提供氧气。育雏可提高后代的存活率，控制传播，并可提供其他发育优势。殖民地海鞘，翼鳃类半脊索动物，和 entoprocts 育雏；大多数苔藓动物和许多殖民地刺胞动物都在孵卵。一个悬而未决的问题是为什么这么多殖民地珊瑚虫不育雏。海绵与菌落共享捕获精子和分离大量保留胚胎的能力，但许多不育雏。菌落和海绵不育雏的假设必须适用于特定的分类群。很少有人经过测试。
更新日期：2020-01-30
中文翻译：
殖民与父母对胚胎的照顾的关联
许多殖民地海洋动物通过在它们的身体上或体内育雏来照顾胚胎。要进行育雏，动物的特征必须允许，育雏必须至少与释放配子或受精卵一样有利。不同殖民地育雏的共同特征是悬浮进食和由无限重复并且可以半自主运作的小模块组成的身体，例如息肉或动物。悬浮喂养允许捕获精子用于受精的卵子，这些精子被父母保留。在众多小息肉、动物或其他小模块中分布育雏有助于向由亲本保留和保护的胚胎提供氧气。育雏可提高后代的存活率，控制传播，并可提供其他发育优势。殖民地海鞘，翼鳃类半脊索动物，和 entoprocts 育雏；大多数苔藓动物和许多殖民地刺胞动物都在孵卵。一个悬而未决的问题是为什么这么多殖民地珊瑚虫不育雏。海绵与菌落共享捕获精子和分离大量保留胚胎的能力，但许多不育雏。菌落和海绵不育雏的假设必须适用于特定的分类群。很少有人经过测试。
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