In Europe, MMA is a very rare non‐inflammatory vasculopathy. MMA is an important differential diagnosis of cerebral vasculitis. Systemic manifestations, such as livedo racemosa or renal artery stenosis, associated with Moyamoya variants suggest the involvement also of non‐cerebral vessels. Hypothetically, capillary microscopy could be a promising non‐invasive screening method to visualize microcirculation, for example prior to cerebral angiography.

中文翻译：

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患有特发性烟雾病血管病的欧洲人的毛细血管显微镜检查。

在欧洲，MMA 是一种非常罕见的非炎症性血管病变。MMA是脑血管炎的重要鉴别诊断。全身表现，如总状青斑或肾动脉狭窄，与烟雾病变异相关，提示非脑血管也受累。假设，毛细血管显微镜可能是一种有前景的非侵入性筛查方法，可用于可视化微循环，例如在脑血管造影术之前。