Marmoset monkeys show high levels of proactive prosociality, a trait shared with humans, presumably because both species rely on allomaternal care. However, it is not clear whether the proximate regulation of this convergent trait is also similar, in particular with regard to intentionality, which is a defining characteristic of prosocial behavior in the human literature. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether marmoset monkeys’ prosociality fulfils the criteria of intentionality developed in primate communication research. The results show that marmoset prosocial behavior (i) has some degree of flexibility, since individuals can use multiple means to reach their goal and adjust them to specific conditions, (ii) depends on the presence of an audience, i.e. potential recipients (social use), and (iii) is goal-directed, because (a) it continues exactly until the putative goal is reached, and (b) individuals check back and look at/for their partner when their prosocial actions do not achieve the putative goal (i.e. if their actions don’t lead to the expected outcome, this elicits distinct reactions in the actor). These results suggest that marmoset prosociality is under some degree of voluntary, intentional control. They are in line with other findings that marmosets perceive each other as intentional agents, and only learn socially from actions that are perceived as intentional. The most parsimonious conclusion is, therefore, that prosocial behavior is fundamentally under voluntary control in marmosets, just as it is in humans, even though our more sophisticated cognitive abilities allow for a far more complex integration of prosociality into a broader variety of contexts and of behavioral goals.

中文翻译：

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狨猴的亲社会性是有意的。


狨猴表现出高度主动的亲社会性，这是与人类共有的特征，大概是因为这两个物种都依赖异母照顾。然而，目前尚不清楚这种趋同特征的直接调节是否也相似，特别是在意向性方面，这是人类文献中亲社会行为的定义特征。本文的目的是调查狨猴的亲社会性是否满足灵长类动物交​​流研究中制定的意向性标准。结果表明，狨猴的亲社会行为（i）具有一定程度的灵活性，因为个体可以使用多种手段来达到目标​​并根据具体条件进行调整，（ii）取决于观众的存在，即潜在的接受者（社会用途） ），并且（iii）是目标导向的，因为（a）它会一直持续到达到假定的目标，并且（b）当个人的亲社会行为没有实现假定的目标时，个人会回头检查并寻找他们的伴侣（即，如果他们的行为没有达到预期的结果，就会引起演员的不同反应）。这些结果表明，狨猴的亲社会性受到某种程度的自愿、有意的控制。他们与其他发现一致，即狨猴将彼此视为有意的代理人，并且仅从被视为有意的行为中进行社交学习。因此，最简洁的结论是，狨猴的亲社会行为从根本上来说是受到自愿控制的，就像人类一样，尽管我们更复杂的认知能力允许将亲社会行为更复杂地融入更广泛的环境和环境中。行为目标。