The trigeminal ganglion with its three trigeminal nerve tracts consists mainly of clusters of sensory neurons with their peripheral and central processes. Most neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells and the axons are wrapped by myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells. Trigeminal neurons express various neuropeptides, most notably, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Two types of CGRP receptors are expressed in neurons and satellite glia. A variety of other signal molecules like ATP, nitric oxide, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors are released from trigeminal ganglion neurons and signal to neighboring neurons or satellite glial cells, which can signal back to neurons with same or other mediators. This potential cross-talk of signals involves intracellular mechanisms, including gene expression, that can modulate mediators of sensory information, such as neuropeptides, receptors, and neurotrophic factors. From the ganglia cell bodies, which are outside the blood-brain barrier, the mediators are further distributed to peripheral sites and/or to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem, where they can affect neural transmission. A major question is how the sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion differ from those in the dorsal root ganglion. Despite their functional overlap, there are distinct differences in their ontogeny, gene expression, signaling pathways, and responses to anti-migraine drugs. Consequently, drugs that modulate cross-talk in the trigeminal ganglion can modulate both peripheral and central sensitization, which may potentially be distinct from sensitization mediated in the dorsal root ganglion.

中文翻译：

---

三叉神经节中的串扰信号：神经肽和其他介质的作用。

具有三个三叉神经道的三叉神经节主要由感觉神经元簇组成，它们的周围和中央过程。大多数神经元被卫星神经胶质细胞包围，轴突被有髓和无髓的雪旺氏细胞包裹。三叉神经元表达各种神经肽，最明显的是降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP），物质P和垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽（PACAP）。两种类型的CGRP受体在神经元和附属神经胶质中表达。三叉神经节神经元释放出各种其他信号分子，例如ATP，一氧化氮，细胞因子和神经营养因子，并向邻近的神经元或卫星神经胶质细胞发出信号，这些信号可以通过相同或其他介体向神经元发出信号。信号的这种潜在串扰涉及细胞内机制，包括基因表达，其可以调节感觉信息的介质，例如神经肽，受体和神经营养因子。介体从位于血脑屏障外部的神经节细胞体进一步分布到周围部位和/或脑干的三叉神经核，从而影响神经传递。一个主要问题是三叉神经节中的感觉神经元与背根神经节中的感觉神经元有何不同。尽管它们在功能上有重叠，但它们的个体发育，基因表达，信号传导途径和对偏头痛药物的反应仍存在明显差异。因此，调节三叉神经节中串扰的药物可以调节外周和中枢敏化，