Early Levallois core technology is usually dated in Europe to the end of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9 and particularly from the beginning of MIS 8 to MIS 6. This technology is considered as one of the markers of the transition from lower to Middle Paleolithic or from Mode 2 to Mode 3. Recent discoveries show that some lithic innovations actually appeared earlier in western Europe, from MIS 12 to MIS 9, contemporaneous with changes in subsistence strategies and the first appearance of early Neanderthal anatomical features. Among these discoveries, there is the iconic Levallois core technology. A selection of well-dated assemblages in the United Kingdom, France, and Italy dated from MIS 12 to 9, which include both cores and flakes with Levallois features, has been described and compared with the aim of characterizing this technology. The conclusion supports the interpretation that several technical features may be attributed to a Levallois technology similar to those observed in younger Middle Paleolithic sites, distinct from the main associated core technologies in each level. Some features in the sample of sites suggest a gradual transformation of existing core technologies. The small evidence of Levallois could indicate occasional local innovations from different technological backgrounds and would explain the diversity of Levallois methods that is observed from MIS 12. The technological roots of Levallois technology in the Middle Pleistocene would suggest a multiregional origin and diffusion in Europe and early evidence of regionalization of local traditions through Europe from MIS 12 to 9. The relationships of Levallois technology with new needs and behaviors are discussed, such as flake preference, functional reasons related to hunting and hafting, an increase in the use of mental templates in European populations, and changes in the structure of hominin groups adapting to climatic and environmental changes.

中文翻译：

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西欧海洋同位素第12和第9阶段之间的早期Levallois核心技术。

早期Levallois核心技术通常在欧洲追溯到海洋同位素阶段（MIS）9的末尾，尤其是从MIS 8到MIS 6的开始。这种技术被认为是从低等石器时代过渡到中古石器时代的标志之一。从模式2到模式3。最近的发现表明，一些石器时代的创新实际上是在西欧出现的，从MIS 12到MIS 9，与生存策略的变化和尼安德特人早期解剖特征的首次出现同时出现。在这些发现中，有标志性的Levallois核心技术。已经描述了英国，法国和意大利从MIS 12到9的一系列日期合适的组件，这些组件包括具有Levallois特征的芯和薄片，并以此为特征进行了比较。该结论支持这样的解释，即与旧中古石器时代遗址中观察到的技术特征相似，Levallois技术可能归因于几个技术特征，这与每个级别的主要相关核心技术不同。网站样本中的某些功能表明现有核心技术的逐步转变。Levallois的少量证据可能表明偶尔会有​​来自不同技术背景的本地创新，并且可以解释从MIS 12中观察到的Levallois方法的多样性。Levallois技术在中更新世的技术根源表明在欧洲和早期存在多区域起源和扩散从MIS 12到9通过欧洲对当地传统进行区域化的证据。