Since the discovery of L-dopa in the middle of the 20th century (1960s), there is not any neuroprotective therapy available although significant development has been made in the treatment of symptomatic Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurological disorders like PD can be modelled in animals so as to recapitulates most of the symptoms seen in PD patients. In aging population, PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, even though significant outcomes have been achieved in PD research yet it still is a mystery to solve the treatments for PD. In the last two decades, PD models have provided enhanced precision into the understanding of the process of PD disease, its etiology, pathology, and molecular mechanisms behind it. Furthermore, at the same time as cellular models have helped to recognize specific events, animal models, both toxic and genetic, have replicated almost all of the hallmarks of PD and are very helpful for testing and finding new strategies for neuroprotection. Recently, in both classical and newer models, major advances have been done in the modelling of supplementary PD features have come into the light. In this review, we have try to provide an updated summary of the characteristics of these models related to in vitro and in vivo models, animal models for PD, stem cell model for PD, newer 3D model as well as the strengths and limitations of these most popular PD models.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病建模和治疗的进展


自20世纪中叶（1960年代）发现左旋多巴以来，尽管症状性帕金森病（PD）的治疗取得了重大进展，但还没有任何神经保护疗法可用。帕金森病等神经系统疾病可以在动物中建模，以重现帕金森病患者的大部分症状。在老龄化人口中，帕金森病是继阿尔茨海默氏病之后第二常见的神经退行性疾病，尽管帕金森病的研究已经取得了显着的成果，但解决帕金森病的治疗方法仍然是一个谜。在过去的二十年中，PD 模型提高了人们对 PD 疾病过程、病因、病理学及其背后分子机制的理解。此外，在细胞模型帮助识别特定事件的同时，动物模型，无论是毒性模型还是遗传模型，都复制了几乎所有的帕金森病特征，对于测试和寻找新的神经保护策略非常有帮助。最近，在经典模型和新模型中，补充 PD 特征的建模取得了重大进展。在这篇综述中，我们试图提供与体外和体内模型、PD动物模型、PD干细胞模型、较新的3D模型相关的这些模型的特征的最新总结，以及这些模型的优点和局限性。最流行的 PD 模型。